Our reporter Li Muming

　　Compared with the "snarling" smog, ozone is much more "low-key" and quietly "hidden" in the clear sky of Wan Li, but it has become the culprit of atmospheric environmental pollution in many cities since it was included in the monitoring indicators in summer in recent years. Statistics of air quality in 74 cities across the country show that among all the days exceeding the standard in June 2015, the days with ozone as the primary pollutant were the most, exceeding the days with PM2.5 as the primary pollutant. In response, on July 23, Guangdong Province announced the air quality of urban environment in the second quarter of 2015, and ozone became the most common primary pollutant; According to media reports, ozone replaced PM2.5 as the primary air pollutant in nearly half of the pollution days in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei from June to August.

　　Why is PM2.5, which is well known and concerned by the public, "surpassed" by ozone? What harm does ozone do to human body?　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　1. "Low-key" ozone is more terrible than PM2.5

　　Experts believe that the invisible pollution of ozone should not be underestimated, and comprehensive measures should be taken to prevent it, just like smog.

　　"In fact, ozone pollution has become a new environmental protection issue that plagues the whole country." Wang Yuesi, a researcher at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, said. At present, from a national perspective, there is one peak of ozone pollution in the north, while there are two peaks in the south every year. Even Xinjiang, Tibet and other regions are facing ozone pollution problems.

　　Compared with physical pollution such as black and smelly water pollution, yellow and black smoke pollution with pungent smell, and smog pollution mixed with fine particles, the public and even the environmental protection department have always taken colorless and odorless ozone pollution lightly.

　　But ozone is actually more terrible than PM2.5

　　Ozone can react with almost any biological tissue and is very destructive to the respiratory tract. According to the Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), "ozone can irritate and damage the nasal mucosa and respiratory tract, which can cause chest tightness, cough, sore throat, asthma, aggravation of upper respiratory tract diseases, and may also lead to weakened lung function, emphysema and lung tissue damage, and these injuries are often irreparable." Therefore, for people with asthma, emphysema and chronic bronchitis, as long as they are exposed to low-concentration ozone, they may have obvious harm.

　　Similarly, ozone can also irritate the eyes, reducing visual sensitivity and vision. It will also destroy vitamin E in the skin and make the skin wrinkle and black spots. When the ozone concentration is above 200 μ g/m3, it will damage the central nervous system, causing headaches, chest pains and decreased thinking ability.

　　In addition, ozone will hinder the function of blood oxygen transmission, resulting in tissue hypoxia; Impairment of thyroid function and calcification of bones. Professor Paul Wentworth of Scripps Institute of Applied Science in the United States has done research and found that ozone can destroy the immune function of human body, induce chromosome aberration of lymphocytes, damage the activity of some enzymes and produce hemolytic reaction.

　　Even for plants, ozone is not a welcome good thing. Biologists from the University of Valencia, Spain, published a paper in 2006, suggesting that ozone will reduce the concentration of chlorophyll, carotenoids and carbohydrates in plants, which will affect photosynthesis and thus reduce the yield of crops.

　　2. The most dangerous population: pregnant women and children.

　　Because the proportion of ozone is about 1.66 times that of air, it often gathers in the lower space, so small children are the most direct victims.

　　Scientists in Southern California have conducted a five-year follow-up survey on 3,535 children aged 10 to 16, and found that in areas with high ozone concentration (the annual average concentration is between 112 and 138μg/m3), the incidence of asthma in children who often play three or four kinds of sports is twice as high as that in children who do not exercise. Especially, children with low birth weight or premature infants are more likely to be affected by ozone.

　　If the pregnant woman is exposed to ozone during pregnancy, the baby born may have congenital blepharoptosis (also called congenital microphthalmia, which is usually caused by the unsatisfactory development of fetal eyeball during the third month of pregnancy).

　　Another study called AHSMOG is aimed at adults. This study, which began in 1977, followed up 3091 adult non-smoking Americans aged 27-87 for 15 years. The results showed that men who were often exposed to ozone showed symptoms of lung damage. In addition, the incidence and mortality of lung cancer were closely related to long-term exposure to ozone.

　　3. The most dangerous place: the aircraft cabin.

　　Since ozone is so harmful, when is its high incidence?

　　According to the "State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry" of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the timeliness and seasonality of ozone are obvious. The ozone concentration is very low in the early morning. After 8 o’clock, with more and more waste gas forming ozone and longer sunshine time, the ozone concentration gradually increases, reaching the peak between 14 o’clock and 16 o’clock, then slowly decreasing, and finally returning to the lowest state after 8 o’clock in the evening. During the year, the peak of ozone concentration is concentrated in summer. During this period, the formation of ozone can be described as "the right time, the right place and the right people": strong sunshine, less clouds and weak wind. This is the reason why people have throat, eyes and nose discomfort when they play when it seems sunny.

　　In terms of regional distribution, the ozone concentration in urban suburbs and scenic spots is often higher than that in the city center, especially when the suburbs are in the downwind of the city. In this regard, the experts’ explanation is that ozone is particularly lively and will continue to react with other pollutants after it is formed. Therefore, the increasing pollution discharge in the city center will temporarily "eat" ozone, turn it into other pollutants, and then drift to the suburbs with the wind and change it back into ozone. That is to say, even if the ozone concentration measured in the urban area is better than that in the suburbs, there is nothing to be proud of, which mostly shows that there are too many other pollutants in the urban area, which temporarily mutates the ozone.

　　The urban area is also polluted, and the scenic spots in the suburbs can’t escape. Where else can we stay? The advice of the World Health Organization (WHO) is: "Try not to expect to be outdoors when the ozone is high."

　　According to the test of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the ozone concentration indoors is generally 50% lower than that outdoors. If the room is well sealed and air conditioning system is adopted, the ozone concentration will be even lower. However, sparks from motor operation, xerography and the working process of TV set will turn some oxygen in the air into ozone. Therefore, mechanical and electrical rooms, electrostatic copier rooms, computer rooms, etc. are all places with high ozone incidence, but attention should be paid to ventilation.

　　There is also an "indoor" where ozone is concentrated-the airplane cockpit. The ozone in the engine room mainly comes from the atmospheric environment, and the ozone layer is mainly distributed in the atmosphere at an altitude of 10 km to 50 km, while the flying height of civil aircraft is generally 7 km to 12 km.

　　Modern large passenger planes are equipped with ozone removal systems, but it is still impossible to kill them all. The Canadian side has tested that when the Boeing plane flies at an altitude of 11,895 meters, the external ozone concentration is 3.57mg/m3, and the ozone concentration in the aircraft cabin is 0.29mg/m3. According to a survey funded by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the ozone content in the cockpit of Boeing 747, 727, 737, DC10 and DC9 is relatively high, and the ozone content in the cockpit of long-range aircraft is higher than that of short-haul aircraft. The leader of this survey is William nazarov, an environmental engineer at the University of California. He believes that the solution to the ozone problem in the cockpit is simple, that is, adding an ozone converter to the aircraft. "Unfortunately, not all airlines have this awareness, especially for old and small aircraft. Airlines are more concerned about flight safety."

　　4. How does ozone pollution come about?

　　Due to the increasingly obvious harm of ozone, the international safety standards for ozone are becoming stricter and stricter. The "maximum 8-hour daily average" of ozone stipulated by the European Union has dropped to 60nmol/mol (about 120 μ g/m3) in 2010, and the average number of days in a year cannot exceed this standard for more than 25 days. China’s newly revised Ambient Air Quality Standard in 2012 also added the ozone control standard: the daily maximum 8-hour average value is 100 μ g/m3 for Grade I and 160 μ g/m3 for Grade II.

　　However, it is impossible to assign a general safety value to everyone. "Personal physique, exercise frequency, time spent outdoors, and other pollutants in the air will all affect the harm degree of ozone, which is the headache for the research department." Professor Jerry Martin from the School of Public Health of the University of California explained, "More and more studies have proved that even if the ozone concentration is low, if the human body is exposed for a long time (6-8 hours), the harm will be equally serious. Moreover, ozone will also work in conjunction with other pollutants. For example, ozone will enhance the harm of PM (inhalable particulate matter) to the human body, and PM will also enhance the harm of ozone. "　　　　

　　"It is better to call it photochemical pollution than ozone pollution. Primary pollutants, such as volatile organic pollutants (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are discharged into the atmosphere by pollution sources such as automobiles and factories, absorb the energy of sunlight under strong ultraviolet irradiation, so that the original chemical chain is destroyed and photochemical reactions occur, resulting in secondary pollutants such as ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). The mixture of primary pollutants and secondary pollutants involved in the photochemical reaction process is called photochemical smog. Ozone is the main component of photochemical smog. When people monitor these pollutants, ozone concentration is also the most important indicator. " China Meteorological Bureau introduced this in its official blog.

　　5. The governance is difficult, and the top-level design needs to be strengthened.

　　Ozone pollution is an international topic. After decades of treatment in Los Angeles, the situation has greatly improved, but ozone still exceeds the standard for several days every year. Different from the single ozone pollution in the United States, ozone and PM2.5 are intertwined and interact in China, and it is just starting, so it is more difficult to control.

　　At the same time, it is not easy to monitor ozone. Wen Yanping, director of Taiyuan Environmental Monitoring Center, said that volatile organic compounds are one of the important precursors of ozone. However, the monitoring work has just started, and its sources and emissions are still in the stage of research and analysis, investigation and research, and its control is also in a state of no standard in the country, immature technology and conscious enterprise.

　　In addition, ozone monitoring does not have standard gas like sulfur dioxide, so it can easily check the error of monitoring equipment, and it can only take the equipment to Shanghai and other cities to "test the equipment with equipment", which will affect the monitoring of ozone.

　　Comprehensive control measures of ozone pollution need further research and exploration. Wang Yuesi said that the formation mechanism of ozone is a nonlinear process. Precursors, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), which can promote ozone generation, must be treated first to control ozone. However, the atmospheric ozone concentration will be effectively reduced only if it is reduced in proportion, which is not easy to handle at present. If only one kind is reduced, it is possible that the ozone concentration will increase instead.

　　The Air Pollution Prevention Action Plan issued by the State Council in 2013 clearly stated that it is necessary to "strengthen the research on the formation mechanism, source analysis, migration law, monitoring and early warning of haze and ozone, and provide scientific support for pollution control". Experts in the industry believe that governments at all levels must attach great importance to ozone pollution, a new environmental protection topic, and should take comprehensive control measures on the basis of strengthening basic research and top-level design.

　　Environmental experts say that ozone prevention and control first needs top-level design. Chai Fahe, vice president of china environmental science Research Institute, and others believe that ozone precursors should be included in the national emission reduction targets, and a total control plan for volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides should be formulated. Chai Fahe said that ozone precursor is also a kind of precursor of PM2.5 secondary particles. Ozone and PM2.5 treatment should be combined, and comprehensive consideration should not be made. In addition, since ozone pollution is a photochemical pollution, the pollution is aggravated when the temperature is high, so ozone should also be considered when considering global warming.

　　Wang Yuesi also suggested the implementation of comprehensive regional management. Ozone precursors are highly mobile substances, and nitrogen oxides produced in one area may not be felt by local people, but float to other places to form ozone. The effect of ozone control in a single city will not be too obvious, and regional prevention and control mechanisms should be established in areas with serious ozone pollution such as five provinces in North China, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta.

　　Chai Fahe said that the proportion of ozone precursors is different in different places, and even in the same city, the proportion between urban and suburban areas is different. All localities should make clear the ozone formation mechanism in different places, and find out the specific proportion of ozone precursors and the location of emission sources through monitoring, so as to "prescribe the right medicine". And this work needs the cooperation of environmental protection departments and scientific research institutions.

　　Experts also believe that from the technical level, the focus of ozone precursor control should be on "vehicles, oil, roads and factories": improving automobile exhaust emission standards, improving automobile exhaust devices and reducing emissions; Improve fuel quality; At the same time, gradually switch buses and taxis to gas; Control traffic congestion; Eliminate backward production capacity and control nitrogen oxides and volatiles emitted by coal-fired power plants, cement, coatings, ink printing plants and other enterprises.

　　Top-level design doesn’t mean that it has nothing to do with the general public. Do a little thing that everyone can do to protect the health of themselves and their families. The development of human society will always rise in a spiral curve. As long as we don’t escape and give up, there are always more ways than problems.

　　◆ Small information

　　Ozone is just one word short of oxygen that sustains human life, and one more o, but it is the difference between graphite and diamond. Yes, these two groups of things, which are as different as heaven and earth, are allotropes, that is, simple substances made of the same single chemical element but with different properties.

　　Because there is one more oxygen atom than oxygen, ozone is more oxidizing than oxygen. What is oxidation? The cut apple will turn brown after a while because it is oxidized by oxygen in the air; The girls’ tender faces are getting older day by day, which is the result of her body oxidation. Ozone is more oxidizing than oxygen. To what extent? Have you smelled chlorine in tap water and swimming pool? That’s for disinfection. It needs to be disinfected with ozone, which is stronger than chlorine. Therefore, the upper floors of household disinfection cabinets are disinfected by ozone.

　　Walking on the busy streets, we sometimes feel that the air is light brown with a pungent smell, which is commonly called photochemical smog, and ozone is one of the most important components in it. There are a lot of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in automobile exhaust and factory smoke, which combine with oxygen in the air and form ozone under the catalysis of sunlight radiation and temperature.　

Whether it’s a comprehensive detoxification treatment or just a good comfort and indulgence, there is never a lack of excellent spa choices in the world.

In the past year, hundreds of healthy and green spas opened around the world, which may indicate that spas have changed from pure luxury to an essential part of travel.

From the sunny Mediterranean coast of Sicily to the high-end spas in the Caribbean, CNN has selected ten new spas that they think are the best in the world based on service, treatment, facilities and environment.

This article is compiled with a few abridgements. Source: CNN

Rocco Forte Spa, Verdura Resort (Sicily, Italy)

This 43,000-square-foot spa located on the southwest coast of Sicily is different from other spas in Italy.

First of all, it has its own private coastline, and it can take a panoramic view of the Mediterranean from every angle.

Not surprisingly, seawater bath therapy is used here, using seawater and marine elements as elements of medicine and treatment.

There is a complete system of seawater bath therapy, with four outdoor swimming pools providing different degrees of salt and heat.

Such as seaweed body scrub ($130), which uses locally produced marine elements such as kelp, sea salt and microalgae to purify the body and detoxify.

In addition to sea bath therapy, there is also a sauna, a 65-foot swimming pool and a juice bar, which provides organic and antioxidant-rich juice all day.

Address:Verdura Resort | Strada Statale 115, KM 131 Contrada Verdura, 92019 Sciacca, Sicily, Italy.

The Ritz-Carlton Spa in Bali (Bali, Indonesia)

Only six months after its opening, the spa in the Ritz-Carlton in Bali has proved as impressive as the hotel.

The spa, made of rain wood and smooth marble, has an advanced spa massage pool with five different areas, which can massage different parts of the body.

There are also two massage pools, cold pools, steam and sauna rooms, and a yoga studio overlooking the Indian Ocean.

In addition to fourteen independent clinics, there are four private hot spring villas, and the SPA is also equipped with its own Balinese swimming pool and open-air lounge.

The course of treatment is a mixture of ancient Balinese techniques and modern technology, and local raw materials such as coconut, seaweed and pearls are mixed into it. It is said that these raw materials have nutritional and antioxidant effects.

Address:The Ritz-Carlton, Bali | Jalan Raya Nusa Dua Lot #3 Banjar Sawangan, Nusa Dua 80363 Indonesia

The SPA, which opened at the end of last year, is located on the sixth and seventh floors of Le Meridien Gaulle, covering an area of 11,000 square feet. It is the largest spa in the city.

There is an indoor swimming pool with hydrotherapy massage and waterfall, Turkish bath, ice room and even a salt room, which is made of sea salt imported from Himalaya (it is said to promote better breathing).

But what attracts guests is the high-tech treatment here: the use of the cutting-edge Japanese formula Skingenecell 1P, which is said to be the most advanced element that can repel skin damage and aging.

Do you want to keep a low profile afterwards?

Try the Zen bath ceremony in the hot spring ($285). Two hours of soaking in rich minerals is definitely a perfect experience.

Address:Excelsior Hotel Gallia, a Luxury Collection Hotel | 9 Piazza Duca d’Aosta, 20124 Milan Italy

Thai House, Zemi Beach House Resort and Spa (Shoal Bay, Anguilla)

This is not a spa with a thatched roof that you usually see. Located on Shoal Bay, the newly opened Thai House is an all-round health center.

Here you can find the only hamam, meditation garden, mud deck, yoga studio, spa shower, vitality pool adjusted according to guests’ body temperature, and even a juice bar.

The physiotherapy room is built in a Thai house with a history of 300 years (hence the name), with a private lounge and a view of the sea or garden.

Most of the treatment uses local herbs, flowers, soil and sea salt as materials.

Address:Zemi Beach House, Resort & Spa | Shoal Bay Village Anguilla

Baglioni SPA, Baglioni Hotel London (London, UK)

Located in the bustling area opposite Kensington Park in London, this fashionable new spa is like a hidden oasis in the downtown area, with only five physiotherapy rooms and 14 treatment sessions. It can be seen that this comfortable spa focuses on quality rather than quantity.

The treatments here are extremely luxurious, ranging from a 24-carat gold mask to promote blood circulation ($200), to a diamond facial injection to reduce pigmentation and brighten skin tone ($180), and even a rare facial treatment for men ($120), with green tea and mushroom extracts to detoxify and shrink pores.

Address:Spa at the Baglioni Hotel | 60 Hyde Park Gate, London SW7 5BB England

Spa at Bernardus Lodge (Carmel Valley, California, USA)

The view from Bernardus Lodge’s new spa is worth the ticket price.

Located in the center of Monterey wine district, the spa is surrounded by 28 acres of sunny vineyards, orchards and oak forests.

It has all the advantages of a five-star spa: a huge swimming pool, an outdoor jacuzzi, a eucalyptus steam room, a shower using Vichy mineral water, a dry steam room and an advanced 24-hour fitness center.

But what really makes this spa stand out is its concept of "from garden to treatment", picking materials from its own organic garden for treatment.

From face to pedicure, it is full of lavender, mint, rosemary and Chardonnay grapes collected from vineyards.

Guests can even soak in the Chardonnay bubble bath.

Address:Bernardus Lodge & Spa | 415 West Carmel Valley Road, Carmel Valley, CA 93924

Opened in September last year, this two-story space is more like a comprehensive health center than a hotel spa.

Two outdoor massage baths, an 80-foot-long swimming pool (almost the size of the Olympic Games), several heat treatment areas and a 1,300-square-foot gym, which is the largest spa in Ho Chi Minh City.

Like the hotel, this spa is exceptionally gorgeous, completely covered with carrara marble, hand-inlaid mosaics and gold.

The treatment is also luxurious, ranging from mother-of-pearl body scrub ($90) to top-class couples treatment including red wine body dressing and candlelight massage, with champagne and caviar snacks ($820).

Address:The Reverie Saigon | 22-36 Nguyen Hue Boulevard, District 1 57-69f Dong Khoi Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Bohemia Spa, Four Seasons Hotel Prague (Prague, Czech Republic)

The city’s newest spa boasts unparalleled views of vltava river, Charles Bridge and Prague Castle.

In addition to its location, the spa itself is also amazing. It is located in a neoclassical building with a mineral-rich hot bath and an oxygen-enhanced vitality pool that is said to have healing effect.

The course of treatment is inspired by traditional Czech and Hungarian methods, using local materials such as linden oil.

Although it won’t be officially opened until this summer, you can try the treatment at the hotel’s existing spa.

Address:Four Seasons Hotel Spa | Veleslavinova 2A, Prague

Qingchengshan Liushan Hotel Spa Center (China, Sichuan)

Located at the picturesque foot of Qingcheng Mountain, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, this brand-new spa located between hills and valleys is as quiet as the treatment provided.

There are no high-tech courses here, but acupuncture, cupping and scraping.

Body dressing and scrub use simple but effective local ingredients, such as ginkgo, lotus seeds, ginger and bamboo.

Address:Qingchengshan Liushan | No.2 Neusoft Avenue, Qingchengshan Town, Dujiangyan, China.

Thermes Marins, Hotel Hermitage Monte-Carlo (Monaco)

The Ocean Hot Spring Center, which was renovated and opened last year at a cost of millions of dollars, may be just what you expected to see in Monaco-a bird’s eye view of Monte Carlo Pier, with its own hot bathroom, salty pool facing the ocean, the leading gym in China and a full-service beauty salon.

This is also the only spa in Europe that uses cryotherapy, with two freezing rooms at MINUS 60 degrees Celsius and MINUS 110 degrees Celsius. Cryotherapy is said to stimulate the immune system, treat inflammation and resist aging.

The spa even has an organic restaurant, L’Hirondelle, which only serves seasonal dishes with less than 500 calories.

Address:Thermos marins Monte-Carlo | 2 Avenue de Monte-Carlo, Monte Carlo, Monaco

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Jeffrey Lau

The masters attending the premiere of "Dong Chengxi on 2011" stood up and applauded to pay tribute to this meritorious director.

18 years ago, "East into West" can be described as a classic.

　　Movie network news(Photo/Qian Jiayi/Yang Yaru) Although 18 years have passed, no one who has seen it will forget Tony Leung Chiu Wai’s sausage mouth, Joey Wong and Leslie Cheung’s flirting swords, the big boots on Zhong Zhentao’s head, the phrase "banana, you are a guava" and the funny performances of big names such as Jacky Cheung, Brigitte Lin, Maggie Cheung and Carina Lau. This popular film was shot in Liu Zhenwei in 27 days. Recently, Liu Zhenwei was at the premiere of the film, revealing the reason for the lack of shooting time, all because of Wong Kar-wai’s harm.

Classic stills of "East into West"

Now we can only appreciate the elegance of a generation of superstar Leslie Cheung through movies.

　　"East into West is a movie I hate most, because I had to finish it in 27 days without a script, which was really painful." Liu Zhenwei looked a little sad. Referring to the reasons for being forced to be helpless, Liu Zhenwei revealed that it was all because of the snail speed of Wong Kar-wai’s filming. "I wanted to shoot &lsquo at the earliest; Ashes of time ’ The story when I was young, and then I called Wong Kar-wai. He said that it was very good. After we found the investment, Wong Kar-wai was responsible for shooting the first episode, and I will shoot the second episode. "

　　Liu Zhenwei sighed, "As a result, a month passed, and I went to Wong Kar-wai’s crew to watch it again. He was still filming the scene on the day when he turned on the phone 30 days ago. I was so anxious that I was sweating. Later, the date of film delivery was approaching, and Wong Kar-wai said to let me shoot a top film quickly, so that he could finish the filming, so I only spent 27 days filming" East into West "and didn’t expect the film to sell well.

Tony Leung Chiu Wai’s classic sausage mouth

At that time, the cast of "East into West" was extremely luxurious, and it also became a swan song throughout the ages.

Zhong Zhentao’s classic stills in "Dong Cheng Xi Jiu" were released at the premiere of "Dong Cheng Xi Jiu 2011".

　　As for the new version, Liu Zhenwei said, "Although I hate it the most, a reporter told me a few years ago that she would watch this movie regardless of her emotions, which moved me very much, so I told her that I would shoot a new one for them, so there was 2011."

　　Liu Zhenwei said, "2011 is not just funny like the last one. This one adds a lot of warmth, and these warmth things come from Leslie Cheung. Leslie Cheung and I are very good friends, and I hope my brother can see 2011, which is also a memorial to him. " Liu Zhenwei said emotionally, "I hope everyone can feel the spirit of Liu Zhenwei: always love the people and things around us."

　　It is reported that "2011 East into West" will be released nationwide on November 24th, which brings together Zhong Zhentao, Karen Mok, Eason Chan, Crystal, Deng Lixin, Kimi, Sitar tan and other stars.

Cancer, as one of the most common diseases with high mobility and high mortality in the world, the clinical treatments for its tumors generally include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Due to the shortcomings of chemical drugs and various toxic and side effects, people have been committed to developing more effective drug delivery systems for cancer treatment, with the aim of reducing side effects and ensuring its efficacy.

With the progress and maturity of nanotechnology, its advantages are gradually reflected.

Introduction of nano-drugs

Diagram of sustained release process of nano-drugs

Nano-drug and its delivery system

Nano-medicine refers to nanoparticles or nano-carriers, which is a new product produced by the combination of nano-technology and medicine.

Nano-drug delivery system refers to the integration of small drug molecules into nano-materials by means of encapsulation or adsorption.

Advantages of nano-drugs

First, improve the solubility and absorption of drugs.

Nano-sized drugs are different from most chemotherapy drugs. Nano-sized drugs have larger specific surface area, better solubility, faster dissolution, improved absorption properties and better therapeutic effect.

At the same time, due to better solubility, the dosage of patients can also be appropriately reduced.

Second, prolong the drug’s circulation time in vivo, and enrich it to the focus.

Through some modification and treatment on the surface of nano-drugs, the circulation time of drugs in human body can be prolonged, which is beneficial for drugs to reach the lesion site, and special modification may make drugs more concentrated in the tumor site, resulting in better selectivity and targeting properties.

Nano-drugs can enter the tumor tissue through the porous blood vessels of the tumor, and achieve a high degree of penetration and retention in the tumor. Therefore, nano-preparation has excellent properties of high drug loading rate, passive targeting and controlled drug release.

Clinical application of nano-preparation.

Paclitaxel albumin nanoparticles

Paclitaxel is a commonly used anticancer drug in clinic. Here is a brief introduction to the nano-preparation of paclitaxel:

Paclitaxel, a commonly used anticancer drug

Albumin nanoparticles

Albumin nanoparticles are nano-particles based on albumin.

Albumin is an endogenous natural product with the advantages of safety, non-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, biodegradability and good biocompatibility. Moreover, the nanoparticle carrier system has unique targeting, sustained and controlled release characteristics and drug protection.

By high-pressure homogenization, paclitaxel and human serum protein preparation were made into nanometer freeze-dried powder, which can improve the solubility, avoid a large number of paclitaxel nanoparticles aggregation, and help the drug to be absorbed into tumor cells and give full play to its role.

Pharmacological action of paclitaxel

Paclitaxel is an anti-microtubule drug, which can stabilize microtubules by promoting the polymerization of tubulin dimer and inhibiting its depolymerization, thus inhibiting the normal dynamic reorganization of microtubule network during interphase and mitosis.

In addition, paclitaxel can lead to abnormal arrangement of microtubule "bundles", affect the division of tumor cells and promote tumor cell apoptosis during the whole cell cycle and cell mitosis.

indication

The application of albumin nanoparticles in the in vivo delivery of paclitaxel and cancer treatment has become a hot topic in recent years.

Albumin paclitaxel nanoparticles are mainly suitable for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer that failed in combination chemotherapy or breast cancer that recurred within 6 months after adjuvant chemotherapy.

Unless there are clinical contraindications, an anthracycline anticancer drug should be included in previous chemotherapy.

matters need attention

In the process of using paclitaxel albumin nanoparticles, it should be noted that paclitaxel for injection (albumin binding type) also has adverse drug reactions and must be used under the guidance of a doctor with chemotherapy experience.

Only with perfect diagnosis and treatment facilities can the complications and adverse reactions caused by drugs in treatment be effectively controlled.

references

[1] Jie Chen, Cao Ye, Li Shuangshuang, Luo Lailong, Yu Peng, Li Mingyuan. Research progress of novel nano-drug delivery system for tumors [J]. China Journal of Pharmacy, 2020,55(21):1749-1756.

Xin li, Zhu Dandan, Chen Yu, Lin Shuting, Han Lili, Li Ying, Liu Xiaoxuan. Research progress of nano-drug delivery system in promoting deep penetration of tumor [J]. Zhongnan Pharmacy, 2020,18(12):2009-2018.

Zhao Shuang, Zhang Shaofang, Mu Xiaoyu. Research progress of nano-drugs [J]. Tianjin Pharmacy, 2020,32(02):57-61.

Chen Dongxiao, Zhang Juanmei, Li Jianye, Xu Tianhong, Dong Yaqin, Pu Xiaohui. Research status and progress of paclitaxel albumin nanoparticles [J]. Journal of Henan University (Medical Edition), 2017,36(04):296-300.

[5] Chen Kang. Analysis of the research progress of paclitaxel pharmaceutical preparations [J]. Heilongjiang Medicine, 2019,32(06):1390-1392.

Contributed by: Song Haolin (Ruijin Intern Pharmacist)

Original title: "How do nano-warriors fight cancer-do you understand? 》

Read the original text

　　recent days

　　Many disease control departments have issued reminders:

　　Winter is the most common season for chickenpox.

　　The disease is highly contagious.

　　The key to prevention is vaccination against varicella.

　　This is also the most economical and effective measure.

　　Chickenpox is known as "face to face biography"

　　Kindergartens and primary schools are prone to collective outbreaks.

　　Chickenpox is an acute respiratory infectious disease characterized by a rash caused by the initial infection of varicella-zoster virus.

　　The disease is highly contagious, and people are generally susceptible to chickenpox. About 90% of susceptible people get sick after contacting patients, commonly known as "face-to-face transmission", which is easy to cause outbreaks, especially in infants and school-age children.

　　Chickenpox has an acute onset, with symptoms such as fever, headache, fatigue, nausea and vomiting in the prodromal stage. After 1-2 days, a rash appears, with more on the trunk, less on the limbs, head and face, and less on the palms, soles and oral mucosa, which can be differentiated from hand, foot and mouth disease. Can be secondary to bacterial infection, pneumonia, encephalitis, hepatitis and other complications.

　　Chickenpox is a self-limited disease with a natural course of 7-10 days. After the disease, it can gain lasting immunity. Isolation treatment should be carried out after the illness, until the chickenpox and herpes are all dry and scabbed, or not less than one week after the illness.

　　Life-long immunity can be obtained after illness, sometimes the virus remains in the ganglion in a static state, and herpes zoster occurs after years of infection recurrence.

　　Vaccinate against chickenpox

　　Is the most effective means of prevention.

　　1. Vaccination can effectively prevent varicella caused by varicella-zoster virus infection. The main target of vaccination is susceptible to varicella at the age of 12 months and above. Generally, vaccination for about 2 weeks can play a protective role.

　　2 to carry out monitoring, strengthen the morning and afternoon inspection, kindergartens and schools found suspicious children should immediately take measures such as isolation, medical treatment, disinfection of supplies. Clear isolation period should be until all patients with varicella and herpes are dry and scabbed.

　　3. Teachers and staff should maintain good personal hygiene, and classrooms and dormitories should be well ventilated.

　　4. Clean and disinfect toys, personal hygiene products (cups, towels, etc.) and tableware; Disinfect activity rooms, bedrooms, classrooms, door handles, stair handrails, desktops, bathrooms, etc.

　　5. Publicity and education; Use radio, blackboard newspaper, gallery and other forms to publicize the knowledge of prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases and improve students’ awareness of self-protection.

　　Jiangsu can be vaccinated with varicella vaccine for free.

　　Chickenpox is an infectious disease caused by varicella-zoster virus, which can occur all year round and is highly contagious. In recent years, routine monitoring of infectious diseases shows that public health emergencies related to chickenpox account for more than 80% of all public health emergencies related to infectious diseases, and all of them occur in kindergartens and schools, seriously affecting children’s health and normal teaching and living order. At the same time, the chickenpox epidemic in kindergartens and schools is easy to spread to communities and families, resulting in a wider spread.

　　In order to effectively reduce the incidence of chickenpox, reduce the occurrence of public health emergencies caused by chickenpox, and prevent the cluster epidemic of chickenpox, with the consent of the provincial government, since January 1 this year, Jiangsu Province has included live attenuated chickenpox vaccine in children’s immunization program, and school-age children can be vaccinated with 2 doses of live attenuated chickenpox vaccine for free.

　　Routine immunization procedures are as follows:

　　The first dose was inoculated at the age of 12 to 18 months, and the second dose was inoculated at the age of 4. The interval between two doses of indirect inoculation is not less than 3 months.

　　All school-age children born after January 1, 2017, who are included in the management of Jiangsu Children’s Vaccination Information System and have lived for more than 2 months can be vaccinated free of charge.

　　Parents can bring their children to the vaccination clinic of the local community health service center for an appointment.

　　Synthesis: Jiangsu CDC and Nanjing CDC.

Suggestions: Suggestions on vigorously improving the local matching rate of automobile parts and enhancing the overall competitiveness of automobile industry chain.

Automobile industry is an important industry in Guangxi and a pillar industry in Liuzhou. Liuzhou is one of the important automobile industry gathering places in China, with four automobile enterprises including SAIC-GM-Wuling, Dongfeng Liuqi, faw liberation Liuzhou Branch and Guangxi Automobile Group. In 2021, the estimated output value will exceed 175 billion yuan, and the automobile production and sales will reach 1.88 million and 1.89 million respectively, among which the output of new energy vehicles will exceed 480,000, up 157.6% year-on-year.

At present, the automobile industry is facing an unprecedented change in a hundred years, and the automobile industry chain in the whole region is facing great challenges:

1. The layout of the "Three Electricity" industrial chain of new energy vehicles in Guangxi is not perfect, and the supporting system and R&D capability of the whole industrial chain of vehicles have not been upgraded. There are shortcomings in supporting local intelligence, networking, domestic chip components and intelligent driving control systems. For example, in 2021, leading enterprises in Guangxi’s new energy automobile industry, such as SAIC-GM-Wuling and Dongfeng Liuqi, are facing the problem of strong market demand but shortage of core components (control chips, power batteries, engines, etc.), and the satisfaction rate of SAIC-GM-Wuling core chips is only 30%.

Second, the core industrial chain is underdeveloped, and the localization, research and development and manufacturing capabilities of core components such as high-performance engines for passenger cars, automatic transmissions, and new energy vehicles "Three Electricity" need to be improved. The intelligent manufacturing level of local supply chain is not high, and the production operation efficiency can not meet the future competition. Take SGGM-Wuling as an example, the automation rate of its supporting suppliers in Liuzhou is about 30%, which is half that of supporting suppliers in Chongqing; The completion rate of digital factory transformation is less than 10%.

4. In recent years, Liuzhou City has successfully explored the "Liuzhou Model" for the promotion and application of new energy vehicles through the linkage between government and enterprises. In 2021, the autonomous region also introduced relevant policies for the promotion of new energy, but the promotion and application of new energy passenger cars and commercial vehicles in other cities still need to be further strengthened.

5. The competition in the new energy automobile industry will be more intense. The number of new energy automobile main engine plants has reached more than 76, and the traditional automobile giants have launched brand-new new energy vehicles. At the same time, the electric replacement models and hydrogen battery models of commercial vehicles of major automobile enterprises have also appeared. It is estimated that the output of new energy vehicles will reach 5 million in 2022.

The new energy automobile industry has become the key field of the future competition of the world automobile industry. Promoting the transformation and upgrading of the automobile industry in Guangxi is particularly important for the development of Guangxi during the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period. It is urgent to introduce more key projects, create more competitive parts products, maintain the stable operation of the industrial chain, improve the local matching rate of automobile parts and enhance the overall competitiveness of the automobile industry chain.

To this end, it is suggested that:

First, make the industry leader bigger and stronger, and improve the driving ability and efficiency. Give full play to Liuzhou’s role as a pioneer of high-quality industrial development in the whole region, and relevant departments of the autonomous region will increase policy support and land use security to promote the strong chain, supplementary chain and extension of Liuzhou’s new energy automobile industry chain. We will increase the layout of the independent controllable capacity of the automobile industry chain led by SAIC-GM-Wuling and Dongfeng Liuqi, support the accelerated development of new energy vehicle projects, and constantly improve new energy platforms, large and medium-sized logistics vehicles, HEV energy-saving vehicles, commercial vehicles, trams and hydrogen energy commercial vehicles, enhance local basic process design, research and development capabilities and manufacturing capabilities, and consolidate the foundation of the automobile and equipment manufacturing industry chain. In five to eight years, the local matching rate will gradually increase by more than 15%, the output value of new energy automobile industry will increase by 50 billion yuan, the output value of high-tech and high value-added supply chain will increase by more than 20 billion yuan, and the total automobile production and sales will increase by 5% every year, and the market share in the country will reach more than 10%, and the total output value will increase by more than 100 billion yuan.

Second, relying on the leader to promote the gathering of industrial chain elements of the new four modernizations. In combination with the 14th Five-Year Plan of Guangxi Automobile, the relevant departments of the autonomous region, aiming at the weak points of the "new four modernizations" industrial cluster, have issued targeted policies and measures for attracting investment, carried out precise investment and special investment, attracted leading enterprises in the new energy automobile industry to settle in Liuzhou, strived to introduce a number of "three power" and intelligent networked supply chains, planned chip packaging, testing and application localization projects synchronously, and gradually built a new four modernizations with complete elements.

Third, improve the level and support the digital and intelligent upgrading of the industrial chain. Strengthen the cooperation of the government, scientific research institutions, enterprises and other parties, build leading enterprises, promote the intelligent upgrading of the industrial chain, focus on cultivating core enterprises such as SEEK Technology, focus on the upgrading of intelligent workshops and smart factories, accelerate the construction of industrial Internet, deepen the cost reduction and quality improvement of the automobile industrial chain, and enhance the competitiveness of the existing local parts market; Vigorously build a public service platform for intelligent manufacturing, support enterprises to carry out technological innovation, mechanism system innovation and business model innovation, and stimulate enterprise innovation and creativity.

Fourth, strengthen the promotion of new energy vehicles and cultivate the development environment of new energy vehicles in Guangxi. Pilot application of "Liuzhou Model for Promotion and Application of New Energy Vehicles" in various cities in the whole region, and promote and apply new energy commercial vehicles, urban logistics vehicles, special vehicles and other vehicles in ports, factories and mines and long-distance trunk transportation in conjunction with Guangxi Automobile Group, Dongfeng Liuqi and Heavy Duty Truck Transportation; Promote the application of new energy sanitation vehicles in urban and rural areas; Introduce financial leasing companies and other models, start commercialization pilots, and promote the application of new energy logistics vehicles in the fields of postal services, express delivery, and e-commerce terminal logistics; Give full play to the advantages of intelligent new energy vehicles and actively promote the transformation and upgrading of new energy commercial vehicles and special vehicles to participate in the intelligent transformation of ports, factories and mines.

Five, the implementation of the policy, increase the introduction and cultivation of high-end talents such as the "new four modernizations". Support, guide and encourage OEMs to strengthen the construction of innovative teams, implement the talent strategy of "going out" and "bringing in" in parallel, and continuously consolidate the stability and development of talent teams. On the one hand, we will build talent enclaves and R&D enclaves, break geographical restrictions, and gather industry elites to contribute to industrial chain construction. On the other hand, we will further optimize the talent introduction and education policy, improve the talent development environment, improve the talent care and protection policy, and strive to build a high-end innovative talent team with key core technologies, lead the industrial development, and promote the transformation and upgrading of the industrial chain, and strive to maintain the stability of high-end and special talents in enterprises.

Organizer: sponsored by the Department of Industry and Information Technology of the Autonomous Region, assisted by the Liuzhou Municipal People’s Government, the Science and Technology Department of the Autonomous Region and the Investment Promotion Bureau of the Autonomous Region.

Handling the reply:

Liuzhou Municipal People’s Government on the 12th CPPCC Autonomous Region

Letter of opinions of the fifth meeting on proposal No.20220291

Department of Industry and Information Technology of the Autonomous Region:

Now, we will inform you of the handling of the suggestions put forward in Proposal No.20220291 of the Fifth Session of the 12th CPPCC Autonomous Region on vigorously improving the local matching rate of auto parts and enhancing the overall competitiveness of the automobile industry chain. Please reply to the proposer together after synthesis.

I. Production and Marketing of Automobile Products in Liuzhou City

In 2021, the city’s vehicle production and sales were 1.895 million and 1.882 million respectively, up by 8.2% and 4.7% year-on-year. The growth rate of production and sales was 4.8 percentage points and 0.9 percentage points higher than that of the whole country, and the sales growth rate outperformed the national market. Among them, the production and sales volume of new energy vehicles all reached 482,000, up by 157.6% and 158.7% respectively year-on-year, and the sales volume of new energy vehicles produced in Liuzhou accounted for 13.7% of the national sales volume of new energy vehicles.

II. Answers to the suggestions made in the proposal

(A) on the "bigger and stronger industry leader, improve the driving ability and efficiency" proposal.

In recent years, the autonomous region and Liuzhou City have continuously optimized the industrial development environment, improved the policy support system, enriched the service methods of enterprises, fully supported the transformation and development of the automobile industry, and made the leading enterprises bigger and stronger. Liuzhou actively supports SAIC-GM-Wuling, Dongfeng Liuqi and other automobile main engine plants to increase the research and development of new products, and supports SAIC-GM-Wuling to implement the "two million" new energy platform project and the research and development of E-series and Hongguang MINI new energy vehicles; Support Dongfeng Liuqi to develop T5EVO, yacht, S50EV, hydrogen fuel commercial vehicle and pure electric commercial vehicle; Support the research and development of G100 new energy logistics vehicle of Guangxi Automobile Group. Actively promote the construction of the national automobile quality inspection center (Guangxi) intelligent networked automobile closed test site and Liuzhou automobile networking pilot area, and support the transformation and upgrading of automobile products of automobile OEMs. At the same time, actively assist leading automobile enterprises to explore overseas markets, the new energy automobile market in Guangxi and the northern market.

Focusing on the leading enterprises in the automobile industry, we will increase the layout of independent and controllable capabilities in the automobile industry chain. The autonomous region issued the Work Plan for Promoting the Transformation, Upgrading and Development of the Automobile Industry, the Notice on Improving the Local Matching Rate of Automobile Parts, the Notice on Printing and Distributing the Work Plan for Making SAIC-GM-Wuling Leading Enterprises Form the Whole Industry Chain of Liuzhou Automobile, and the Notice on Printing and Distributing the Work Plan for Making Dongfeng-Liuzhou Leading Enterprises Form the Whole Industry Chain of Liuzhou Automobile. Liuzhou has issued such policy documents as Implementation Plan for Transformation and Upgrading of Liuzhou Automobile Industry, Several Measures for Promoting the Development of Mould Industry in Liuzhou City and Several Measures for Promoting the Development of Casting and Forging Industry in Liuzhou City, which strongly support the construction of strengthening, supplementing and extending the chain of Liuzhou automobile industry chain.

In recent years, Liuzhou’s automobile industry has overcome the adverse effects of rising raw materials, repeated epidemics, chip shortage and power shortage, and gradually realized the transformation from traditional fuel vehicles to new energy vehicles. The production and sales volume have rebounded year by year, and the automobile production and operation of the OEM have achieved good results. In 2021, SAIC-GM-Wuling produced 1.672 million vehicles, up 8% year-on-year, of which 458,000 new energy vehicles were sold, up 157.5% year-on-year. Dongfeng Liuqi produced 200,000 vehicles in 2021, up 11.2% year-on-year, including 125,000 passenger vehicles, up 35.6% year-on-year. At present, there are E100/E200/E300 new energy automobile products produced in Liuzhou.

/E300Plus/ Hongguang MINI EV, S50EV, G100 logistics vehicles, Dongfeng Liuqi new energy power exchange vehicle, Dongfeng Liuqi hydrogen fuel commercial vehicle and other new energy vehicle products, and the products are gradually serialized.

Liuzhou plans to build a well-known domestic R&D and production base for the whole industrial chain of new energy vehicles in about five years, and build a well-known domestic new energy automobile city in Guangxi, with a production and sales scale of over 2 million vehicles and an output value of over 170 billion yuan. The production technology of complete vehicles and main parts enterprises has reached the domestic leading level. In the next step, several key projects will be implemented in the new energy automobile industry: First, the "two million" new energy automobile platform project of SAIC-GM-Wuling. Invest 30 billion yuan to build two platforms of millions of new energy vehicles, pure electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles, accelerate the localized production of the industrial chain of new energy vehicles, and realize the new output value of more than 100 billion yuan. Second, Dongfeng Liuqi new energy transformation project. Invest 4.3 billion yuan, strive to sell more than 10,000 new energy vehicles such as hydrogen fuel heavy trucks, and realize the new output value of new energy heavy trucks of more than 12 billion yuan. The third is the transformation project of new energy vehicles of Guangxi Automobile Group. Invest 3 billion yuan to develop the new energy logistics vehicle market, form three major product series of passenger cars, trucks (modified vehicles) and off-road vehicles, and at the same time promote the OEM plan of new energy passenger cars, achieving an additional output value of more than 10 billion yuan. Fourth, the new energy automobile industry chain extension and chain repair project. Invested 12 billion yuan, introduced Qingshan Ruipu power battery, United Automotive Electronic New Energy Vehicle Controller, Wuhan Yuanfeng ABS Controller and other projects, with an added output value of more than 50 billion yuan.

(B) on "relying on leading enterprises to promote the new four industrial chain elements gathering" proposal.

Liuzhou insists on promoting the electrification, intelligence and networking development of the automobile industry as an important direction to promote the transformation and upgrading of the automobile industry. Relying on the continuous improvement of the new energy automobile product market of SAIC-GM-Wuling and Dongfeng Liuqi, Liuzhou has carried out accurate investment promotion and accelerated the layout of supporting industrial chains. Liuzhou Guoxuan Hi-Tech New Energy Battery 5 GWh Project, Huating Power Battery Pack Production Line and Liuzhou Shuanglin New Energy Motor Project were completed and put into operation, SAIC-GM-Wuling built the first automobile controller production line, Sykes hybrid engine was developed, Penghui new energy storage project and Sykes Ruipu new energy battery project started construction, and the United Electronics Phase III new energy electric control drive project and Nexter new energy parts project were signed. Taking the construction of the car networking pilot area as an opportunity, we will increase investment attraction and introduce 8 industrial projects related to intelligent networking. The industrial chain construction of new energy vehicles has achieved good results, and various major core components have been put into production one after another. At present, local production of major components such as new energy power batteries, drive motors, bridges and controllers has been realized.

In the next step, in accordance with the relevant requirements of investment promotion of key industrial chains in the autonomous region and Liuzhou, we will continue to further promote the project of supplementing and strengthening the chain, especially for the upstream of new energy vehicles and intelligent network connection, and gradually build a new four-oriented industrial chain with complete elements.

(C) Suggestions on "upgrading the level and supporting the digital and intelligent upgrading of the industrial chain"

Liuzhou steadily promotes the construction of key industry platforms, with automobiles and construction machinery as the main line, and government and enterprises work together to support leading enterprises in the industry to build industry-level industrial Internet platforms and promote the digital transformation of upstream and downstream enterprises in the industrial chain. SAIC-GM-Wuling digital supply chain collaborative intelligent industrial Internet platform has been included in the pilot demonstration project of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology for three consecutive years, and has been popularized and applied in more than 700 parts enterprises. More than 900 enterprises have carried out procurement collaboration on Guangxi machinery industry Internet platform built by Liugong. The Cheheyun Industrial Internet Platform built by Guangxi Automobile Group has been applied by more than 700 suppliers.

(D) Suggestions on "Strengthening the promotion of new energy vehicles and cultivating the development environment of new energy vehicles in Guangxi"

Liuzhou actively supports the local automobile main engine factory to carry out the promotion and application of new energy vehicles, and has formed the "Liuzhou model" for the promotion and application of new energy vehicles. In 2019, Liuzhou City and 13 other cities in Guangxi jointly launched the "Guangxi New Energy Vehicle Promotion and Exchange Series" to jointly explore and practice the "Guangxi Model" for the promotion and application of new energy vehicles, cultivate and expand the new energy vehicle market in Guangxi, and achieved remarkable results. By the end of March 2022, the total output of various new energy vehicles was 935,000 and the total sales volume was 916,500; The number of new energy vehicles is 122,700, accounting for 12.31%; Built 1016 charging pile sites and 11378 charging piles (2032 fast charging piles and 9346 slow charging piles); 530 public charging socket stations, 7041 public sockets and 17357 personal sockets have been built.

In the next step, Liuzhou will continue to accelerate the development of the new energy automobile industry, encourage SAIC-GM-Wuling and Dongfeng Liuqi to speed up the development and listing of new energy products, realize the increase in sales of new vehicles as soon as possible, and at the same time seize the favorable opportunity of the national new energy vehicles going to the countryside, accelerate the construction of charging infrastructure in counties and townships under the jurisdiction of Liuzhou, create a favorable environment for the promotion of new energy vehicles in counties and townships, and promote the extension of the promotion and application of new energy vehicles to counties and townships. At the same time, actively strive for the support of the autonomous region, increase the promotion and application of the "Liuzhou model" in the whole region, and create a good environment for the promotion and application of new energy vehicles produced in Liuzhou.

(V) Suggestions on "implementing policies and increasing the introduction and cultivation of high-end talents such as the" new four modernizations "

Liuzhou has issued some policy documents, such as "Several Measures for Accelerating the Gathering of Talents in the New Era in Liuzhou" and "Detailed Rules for the Classification of Talents and the Implementation of Incentive Subsidies in Liuzhou (Trial)", to increase the introduction of talents. From October 1, 2018, the city will achieve the goal of total talents exceeding 1 million in five years, including 100 high-end talents, 3,000 senior management talents, 3,000 doctors and masters, and high-skilled talents. According to different levels of talents, preferential treatment is given from salary, living allowance, housing purchase (rental) allowance, children’s enrollment and other aspects.

In 2022, Guangxi New Energy Automobile Laboratory settled in Liuzhou. Through joint innovation of politics and Industry-University-Research, it focused on five major sectors, namely, technical research, product development, intelligent manufacturing, industrial chain and ecological construction, and built the highest level and level of scientific and technological R&D innovation platform in Guangxi, creating a whole-chain R&D innovation base, a new highland for industrial talents training and a source of industrial ecological model in the whole region, and accelerating the "double-chain" integration of industrial chain in innovation chain. At the same time, in the process of layout of science and technology projects, guide local car companies to carry out joint research with universities, research institutes, key laboratories and other units, set up talent cultivation indicators, strengthen the construction of talent teams, and enhance the R&D and innovation capabilities of enterprises. In the introduction of high-level talents, we should pay more attention to the accurate introduction of talents, pay attention to the introduction of high-end innovative and entrepreneurial talents, achieve a benign interaction between talents and industries, and achieve a win-win situation for the development of talents and industries and enterprises. At present, four high-level talent projects in the automobile industry have been introduced to Liuzhou, including two B-type talent projects, one D-type talent project and one E-type talent project.

I am writing this letter.

the peopl citye’s government of liuzhou

June 24, 2022

On July 18, 2018, Dakar, Senegal, the Museum of Black Civilization. Xinhua News Agency reporter Yan Yanshe　　　

Seven million years ago, in the active primate community in Africa, a figure stood up and took a small step for the individual at the "fork in the road" when the apes were about to leave, but it became a big step for mankind.

Today, this "fork in the road" is located in a remote desert in Chad. The skull left by that figure has been fossilized by the years and inadvertently exposed in front of people in the sand.

"This is the earliest known ancient human," Michel Bruehne, the leader of the fossil discovery team and a professor at the Institut fran? aise, said in an interview with Xinhua News Agency recently. "His name is Toumai, which means" hope of life "in the local language.

What is Man: The Controversy Faced by Tumai

Tumai’s skull fossil was discovered by Bruehne’s team in 2001. The original is now in the National Research and Development Center of Chad, and the replicas are exhibited in the National Museum of Chad and the Senegalese Museum of Black Civilization. Aimei Contusan, the chief researcher of the Museum of Black Civilization, said: "Tumai is considered to exist between the primate chimpanzee genus and the human genus." This expression reflects the controversy that Tumai once faced.

The facial image reconstructed from Tumai’s skull can directly explain the controversy. The hair and facial features on the reconstructed head look a bit like orangutans. Experts believe that Tumai is a male, and his fossils show the mixed characteristics of apes and humans: the skull shape is similar to that of apes, the brain volume is close to that of chimpanzees, and the orbital spacing is similar to that of gorillas.

Only three months after Bruehne’s team published a paper on Tumai in the British journal Nature in July 2002, milford Wolpov of the Paleoanthropology Laboratory of the University of Michigan and others published a questioning article in Nature in October, arguing that Tumai was still an ape rather than a human being.

However, there is also a lot of evidence to support that Tumai is a human being. Bruehne published a response article in Nature in 2005. He told reporters: "Some people say that this is a gorilla, and the canine teeth will be hollow and very large, but this is the canine teeth of human beings. The position of the foramen magnum on the skull is also different from that of gorillas and chimpanzees, but it is in line with the characteristics of human legs walking upright. "

"What is a person?" Wu Xiujie, a researcher at the Institute of vertebrate paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, pointed out in an interview with Xinhua News Agency that the focus of relevant disputes is actually the definition of human beings.

"Before the 1960s, paleoanthropologists generally used whether they could make tools as the boundary between humans and apes. However, it was later discovered that making tools is not a unique ability of human beings, and animals such as chimpanzees can also make tools. Therefore, paleoanthropologists gradually adopted a new standard: habitual walking with two legs upright. "

Wu Xiujie said that the position of the foramen magnum of Tumai’s skull is as downward as ours, indicating that the skull is vertically located on the spine, indicating that it has habitually walked upright with two legs. "This is decisive evidence." She said that the current academic classification of Tumai is the Sahelian Chad species. Although it does not belong to the genus of modern people, it belongs to the human family, which is the same as other ancient humans.

On April 8, 2009, several primary school students watched the reduced image of human ancestor fossil "Lucy" at the National Museum in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Xinhua News Agency reporter Deng Jianshe　

"The Ape": The Fork of 7 million years ago

Since Tumai is a human being, its "age" is particularly meaningful. Bruehne’s team published a paper in the Journal of the National Academy of Sciences in 2008, saying that the dating result of Tumai skull is between 6.8 million and 7.2 million years, which is often said to be 7 million years for convenience. He said: "So far, no human beings older than this have been found."

This means that the time of human origin has been pushed forward by Tumai.

For many years, Lucy, a famous ancient human fossil, has been called "the old grandmother of mankind". This female skeleton fossil, discovered in Ethiopia in 1974, is highly valued for its completeness and antiquity. Fossils include skulls, ribs, arm bones, etc., and are the most complete fossils of their kind. Its "age" is about 3.5 million years, and it has been firmly in the top spot in the world for a long time after being discovered.

But older fossils have appeared one after another. An ancient human fossil found in Kenya in 2000 was named Millennials because of its discovery time. It was about 6 million years ago and won the throne of "the highest generation". Only one year later, Tumai was discovered in Chad, which pushed forward the time of human origin by 1 million years.

The significance of Tumai is not only in time, but also in space. Before Tumai, because important early human fossils such as Lucy were found in eastern Africa, Yves Copon, a famous French paleoanthropologist, put forward the theory of "East Story", which believed that human beings originated in the east of the Grand Canyon in East Africa. Tumai appeared in the desert of Chad in central Africa and moved about 2500 kilometers west of the Grand Canyon, breaking the theory of "East Story".

"Tumai’s discovery shows the progress of scientific research," Contusan said. "With the further development of science and technology, we may find more ancient humans."

On August 8, 2019, Michel Brunet, a professor at the French Academy, was interviewed in his office in Paris. Xinhua News Agency reporter Gao Jingshe

The blind touch the elephant: the evolutionary tree of ancestors has not yet been explored

Tumai, who stood 7 million years ago, is the earliest ancestor we can see now. Is he our ancestor?

Ordinary people may naturally have such an idea. In Chad, most people know Tumai and are proud of it. Abubakar Saleh, a citizen of Chad, said: "Tumai is the ancestor of mankind, and we are the descendants of Tumai. This is a great honor."

But in the opinion of experts, the evolutionary tree of human ancestors is far from clear. Wu Xiujie said: "Because of the scarcity of fossils, our research on the evolutionary tree of ancient humans is still blind."

Now, a mainstream view in paleoanthropology is the "African origin" of early humans, because all the ancient human fossils found 2 million years ago are in Africa. "Human beings have spent a long time in Africa," Bruehne said. From a very long time scale, "we are all Africans, and outside Africa, we are all immigrants".

However, there is still controversy in academic circles about how modern people originated in more recent places. For example, for the ancestors of Chinese, there is an international view that although there were Yuanmou people 1.7 million years ago and Peking Man 770,000 years ago, these ancient humans may not have survived the Ice Age, and another group of ancient humans came out of Africa about 60,000 years ago.

Recently, however, many new fossil evidences have been found in the paleoanthropologists in China, such as Xu Changren, Dao County Man, Huanglong Cave Man, Chongzuo Homo sapiens Cave Man, etc. about 100,000 years ago. These new fossil evidences challenge the view that there are no modern people in China earlier than 60,000 years.

Wu Xiujie said: "The evolution of ancient human branches is not an isolated and linear process, but a complex bush-like process. There may be a mixture between branches, some branches may later perish, and new branches may arise somewhere. The trunk and panorama of the human evolutionary tree have not been explored yet. "

It is not clear whether Tumai is the ancestor of today’s modern people, even the Chadians. Wu Xiujie said: "But if we look at it from a particularly long time scale, we can say that Tumai and all of us modern people are relatives."

(The original title is "Special Feature: 7 million years ago, the" fork in the road ",he went to the human side")

A few days ago, the the State Council executive meeting deployed measures to increase the basic living security of the people in need, so as to secure the bottom line of people’s livelihood.

At the regular briefing on the State Council policy held by the State Council Office on August 26th, Yang Yinkai, deputy secretary general of the National Development and Reform Commission, introduced that from September this year to March next year, the linkage mechanism of price subsidies will be adjusted in stages, and the policy of "expanding the scope of protection and lowering the starting conditions" will be implemented, so as to increase the price subsidies for the needy people and effectively grasp the bottom line of people’s livelihood. It is estimated that the policy will cover 67 million people after the expansion.

One-time living allowance will be issued to people with difficulties such as the minimum living allowance, which will be fully completed by the end of August.

Since the beginning of this year, the bottom-up safeguard measures have been continuously improved, and the assistance to the people in need has also increased. By the end of June this year, 40.62 million people had received assistance from urban and rural residents, including 7 million urban residents and 33.62 million rural residents. The national urban minimum living standard is 734 yuan per person per month and the rural minimum living standard is 554 yuan per person per month; In the first half of this year, the accumulated expenditure on subsistence allowances was 92.62 billion yuan.

In order to implement the requirements of "expanding the minimum living allowance and increasing efficiency", the civil affairs department has continuously improved the minimum living allowance system. Liu Xitang, director of the Social Assistance Department of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, said that seriously ill and severely disabled people in marginal families have been included in the subsistence allowance alone, forming a combination of household insurance and personal insurance, and the system has more capacity; Encourage all localities to decentralize the examination and confirmation authority of subsistence allowances from the past counties to streets and towns to improve the efficiency of examination and verification; In addition, for low-income families whose per capita income exceeds the local minimum living standard after employment, a gradual retirement period of six months to one year will be given.

The temporary assistance system is mainly aimed at solving the sudden, urgent and temporary basic living difficulties encountered by urban and rural people. Since the beginning of this year, affected by epidemic and disaster, the number of people in need has increased. A few days ago, the the State Council executive meeting requested that the one-time living allowance issued to the needy people such as the minimum living allowance should be paid in place as soon as possible.

Residents, including migrant workers, who are unable to return to work due to the epidemic, have no income for three consecutive months, and are not included in unemployment insurance, can apply for a one-time temporary relief fund at their place of residence or domicile. Liu Xitang said that the work is progressing smoothly. Seventeen provinces in the country have all paid out, and all localities have issued an additional subsidy of 8.08 billion yuan for 40.18 million low-income recipients and extremely poor people, accounting for 90% of the total number of people in need. "It is expected that the work will be fully completed by the end of August, and the total amount of funds distributed is expected to be close to 10 billion yuan."

This year, the central government allocated 154.68 billion yuan to help the needy, an increase of 7.06 billion yuan over last year, and the local budget also increased investment accordingly. In the first half of the year, the national financial expenditure totaled more than 120 billion yuan, up 7% year-on-year.

Liu Xitang said, "Social assistance funds such as subsistence allowances are the focus of people’s livelihood security, and they are also the focus of financial support. It is no problem to implement special fund management and timely and fully distribute social assistance funds such as subsistence allowances."

The linkage mechanism of price compensation expands the scope of protection and reduces the starting conditions, which is expected to benefit about 9 million more people.

From January to July this year, China’s consumer price index (CPI) rose by 1.8% year-on-year, and rose by 2.7% year-on-year in July. Yang Yinkai said that due to factors such as imported inflationary pressure and seasonal increase in pork prices, the domestic price level may be slightly higher than that of the previous months in the latter months of this year to the first quarter of next year, which is lower than that of cardinal utility in the same period last year.

In order to alleviate the impact of rising prices on the basic livelihood of people in need, the linkage mechanism of price subsidies will be adjusted in stages from September this year to March next year.

After the adjustment, the scope of protection has been expanded. The current linkage mechanism of price compensation covers seven groups, including urban and rural minimum living allowances, destitute people, people receiving unemployment insurance benefits, special care recipients enjoying regular state pension subsidies, orphans, children who are actually left unattended and children infected with HIV, totaling about 58 million people.

On the basis of the above-mentioned seven groups, this time, two groups, namely, people receiving unemployment benefits and marginal population with minimum living allowance, will be added into the scope of protection of the linkage mechanism of price compensation. After expanding the scope of protection, it is expected to benefit about 9 million more people and cover about 67 million people in need. Conditional places can further expand the scope of protection.

Wan Jinsong, director of the Price Department of the National Development and Reform Commission, introduced that the people receiving unemployment benefits and the marginal population with low living allowances will be included in the scope of protection in stages, mainly considering that the people receiving unemployment benefits are unemployed, their income sources are unstable, and their lives are facing certain difficulties; Although the income of the marginal population is slightly higher than the minimum living standard, the living standard is generally low.

After adjustment, the starting conditions are reduced. The monthly year-on-year increase of CPI in the starting conditions of the price subsidy linkage mechanism was reduced from 3.5% to 3.0% in stages, while other starting conditions such as issuing price subsidies when the food price in CPI rose to 6% year-on-year, were kept unchanged, and the price subsidy linkage mechanism was started when any conditions were met.

"Reducing the start-up conditions is mainly due to the impact of epidemic situation and disasters. The income growth of people in need faces more difficulties, and the feeling of rising prices may be more obvious." Wan Jinsong said that after lowering the starting conditions, it is expected that the number of months and the starting area of the price subsidy linkage mechanism will increase significantly, which means that more people in need can receive price subsidies.

All localities will grant temporary price subsidies of about 20 billion yuan to people in need.

According to statistics, since 2020, local governments have distributed temporary price subsidies of about 31.5 billion yuan, benefiting 530 million people in need.

After adjusting the linkage mechanism of price subsidies in stages, it is estimated that from September this year to March next year, all localities will provide temporary price subsidies of about 20 billion yuan to the needy, of which about 7 billion yuan will be increased due to expanding the scope of protection and lowering the starting conditions.

Where does the additional funds come from? According to reports, the additional funds for those who receive unemployment insurance benefits and unemployment subsidies are paid from the unemployment insurance fund; The central government will provide subsidies to other needy people in different regions, including 30% in the eastern region, 60% in the central region and 80% in the western region.

"Temporary price subsidies are issued by the local authorities first and settled by the central government." Wan Jinsong said, in the current situation that governments at all levels are living a "tight life", the state still decided to adjust the linkage mechanism of price subsidies in stages and increase the price subsidies for the needy people, which fully demonstrated that the CPC Central Committee and the State Council always cared about and cared about the needy people, and always placed the protection of their basic livelihood in a prominent position.

Yang Yinkai said that the National Development and Reform Commission will work with relevant departments to strengthen work guidance, ensure that all the work of price subsidies is carried out in an orderly manner, and ensure that policy deployment can be fully implemented. (Reporter Lu Yanan)

　　CCTV News:On the afternoon of December 13th, the State Council Joint Defense and Control Mechanism held a press conference. A reporter asked, some elderly people wanted to be vaccinated before, but they were assessed as inconsistent due to basic diseases and other reasons. Does this mean that they have not been vaccinated against COVID-19?

　　Wang Huaqing, chief expert of immunization program of China CDC, responded that if there is a serious allergic reaction after vaccination, this kind of vaccine can’t be vaccinated again in the future, and most other situations belong to a slow vaccination scenario. In the early stage, because of the basic diseases, we assessed that it was impossible to vaccinate, and most of this situation belonged to delayed inoculation.

　　He said that if this elderly person has a basic disease, he is in the early stage of attack, he is in a stable stage after a period of treatment, or he can’t be vaccinated because of special treatment. When the special treatment is over, these people can consider vaccination, especially in the current situation where the epidemic intensity is relatively large and there are many sources of infection, these people can be vaccinated again after re-evaluation and permission. The elderly should be well protected before they are vaccinated, and this kind of protection is also needed in the later period. If he enters the stable period of the disease and after the special treatment, it is recommended to vaccinate as soon as possible if he meets the conditions.