CCTV News:The 2020 APEC Business Leaders’ China Forum, hosted by China Council for the Promotion of International Trade and APEC China Business Council, was held in Beijing today (November 19th), with the theme of "Digital Productivity". Gao Yan, president of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, said that under the epidemic situation, the advantages of the digital economy in promoting social stability and increasing business resilience have become more prominent. China is willing to work with the economies in the Asia-Pacific region to jointly tap the potential of the digital economy, create more quality cooperation projects and share the industrial dividend of the digital economy.

　　　　　　 According to relevant data, in the first three quarters of 2020, the revenue from information technology services in China was 3,516.2 billion yuan, of which the revenue from big data services was 153 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 12.5%. On the consumer side, the online retail sales of physical goods increased by 15.3% year-on-year, accounting for 24.3% of the total retail sales of social consumer goods.

　　　　　　 Gao Yan said that in the long run, the digital economy, as a new economic form, has gradually merged with the real economy and become an important engine to promote the sustained and stable economic growth in China. China is willing to work with the economies in the Asia-Pacific region to jointly tap the potential of the digital economy, create more quality cooperation projects and share the industrial dividend of the digital economy.

　　　　　　 In addition, Gao Yan emphasized that economic globalization is the general trend. Although the current economic globalization is confronted with counter-current and turning back waves, and protectionism and unilateralism are on the rise, no force can stop the rolling wheel of historical progress.

　　　　　　 Gao Yan, President of China Council for the Promotion of International Trade:The business community is not an "outsider" in global economic governance, but a witness, participant and practitioner. I hope that everyone will continue to carry forward the entrepreneurial spirit, make good use of multilateral platforms such as APEC and G20, as well as the RCEP agreements that have been signed, and strive to resolve the imbalance of regional development and make the global economic governance system more open, inclusive, inclusive, balanced and win-win.

　　　　　　 In addition, Wang Shouwen, Vice Minister of Commerce and Deputy Representative of International Trade Negotiations, said that although globalization has been blocked in the past two years, there is still a bright future for APEC cooperation.

　　　　　　 Wang Shouwen said that although globalization has been blocked in the past two years, the achievements of APEC regional economic integration are still gratifying. Especially since 1994, the average tariff of APEC has decreased by 60%, the product categories enjoying zero tariff treatment have doubled, the trade and investment amount have increased by nearly 5 times and 12 times respectively, the import and export costs have decreased by 11.4% and 7.7% respectively, and the customs clearance time has been shortened by 15.6% and 14.1% respectively. The number of regional trade arrangements in which APEC economies participate has also increased eightfold.

　　　　　　 Wang Shouwen, Vice Minister of Commerce and Deputy Representative of International Trade Negotiations:Although globalization has been blocked in the past two years, there is still a bright future for APEC cooperation. This year, through the joint efforts of all parties, APEC has formulated the "Vision for Cooperation after 2020", which will serve as a programmatic document to guide cooperation in the next 20 years.

　　　　　　 According to reports, the new vision document reaffirms APEC’s support for the multilateral trading system and the WTO. China, together with other economies, will take practical actions to support the multilateral trading system under the APEC framework. The new vision document also adds the content of developing digital economy and encouraging innovation. Four days ago, the much-watched RCEP was successfully signed. Wang Shouwen said that China will work with other economies to promote the Asia-Pacific Free Trade Area from a vision to a reality.

　　　　　　 Wang Shouwen, Vice Minister of Commerce and Deputy Representative of International Trade Negotiations:China will work with other economies to narrow the regional digital divide, oppose the abuse of state power to suppress scientific and technological enterprises, strengthen confidence in the development of the digital economy, and create a new growth point for the Asia-Pacific economy.

　　[Global Times correspondent in Syria and Egypt Xue Dan Huang Peizhao] After Saudi Arabia and Iran signed a joint statement in Beijing on March 10, agreeing to resume diplomatic relations, good news came from the reconciliation between the two countries — — According to a report by the Saudi National News Agency on March 27th, Foreign Minister Shai agreed to hold a bilateral meeting during Ramadan to speed up the resumption of diplomatic work between the two countries. The warming of relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran is only part of the "reconciliation season" in the Middle East. Recently, high-level visits have entered a frequent period between Arab countries or between Iran, Turkey and Arab countries, and relations between countries have improved significantly. For more than a century, the Middle East has been one of the most turbulent regions in the world, with constant conflicts among countries and within countries. What has laid the foundation for the turmoil in the Middle East? What makes the parties to the long-term conflict now extend an olive branch to each other? How will this affect the world?

　　"breaking ice" and "thawing" become key words

　　"Breaking the ice" and "thawing" have become the key words of recent diplomatic activities in Middle East countries. On March 19th, nine days after Saudi Arabia and Iran announced that they had agreed to resume diplomatic relations, the Iranian President’s Office said that President Leahy had received and accepted the invitation of Saudi King Salman to visit. The warming of relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia has also led to the thawing of relations between Tehran and other Arab countries. According to AFP and other media reports, on March 16th, Shamkhani, secretary of the Supreme National Security Council of Iran, held talks with UAE President Mohammad in Abu Dhabi. On March 13th, Iran expressed its hope to resume relations with Bahrain, so as to end the seven-year relationship breakdown. Tehran also hopes that the "thawing tide" can be extended to Egypt, Jordan and other countries. According to the American Grid News Network, Saudi Arabia and Iran are considered to be a pair of old enemies in the Middle East, and the religious and political contradictions between the two countries are very complicated. In 2016, Saudi Arabia executed a Shiite cleric, and in Tehran, the Iranian capital dominated by Shiite Muslims, protesters attacked the Saudi embassy, and then the two countries broke off diplomatic relations. Arab countries such as the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Kuwait immediately cut off or downgraded their diplomatic relations with Iran.

　　With the breaking of the relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iraq, the reconciliation between Arab countries is also accelerating. Also on March 19th, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad visited the United Arab Emirates, and the Afghan military sent fighter jets to escort him. President Muhammad personally greeted Bashar at the airport, and then the two men discussed issues such as "brotherhood" and "strengthening cooperation" between Syria and Syria. After the outbreak of the Syrian civil war in 2011, the League of Arab States suspended Syria’s membership and publicly supported Syrian opposition forces. Regarding Bashar’s visit, Mohammed said that Syria has been away from the Arab family for a long time, and "it is time to go home now". In addition to the UAE, Saudi Arabia is also holding talks with Syria to explore the restoration of consular relations. Reuters previously said that Saudi Arabia and Syria may reopen their embassies in late April. Jordan’s Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Chinese Affairs Assafadi and UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for Syria Peterson also discussed the initiative to solve the Syrian crisis through direct intergovernmental dialogue.

　　The relationship between Israel and Arab countries is also constantly breaking the ice. According to the US "Wall Street Journal" report, Oman abolished a decades-long ban in February this year, clearing the way for Israeli planes to fly over Afghanistan’s airspace. This move shows that the relationship between Israel and the Arab countries that have long refused to openly accept this Jewish state has been further thawed. Earlier, Israel had normalized relations with several Arab countries, including Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates and Morocco.

　　"Reconciliation season is coming in the Middle East". According to the Gulf Times of the United Arab Emirates, there have been many encouraging reconciliation phenomena in the Middle East recently, including cavusoglu’s visit to Egypt on March 18th, becoming the first Turkish foreign minister to visit Egypt in 10 years. Even Palestine and Israel are negotiating to curb violence at least during Ramadan. The two sides recently held a meeting in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, and agreed on a plan to stop the escalation of violence. The atmosphere of reconciliation between countries also has an impact on both sides of the conflict in some countries. After 10 days of negotiations in Geneva, Switzerland, the Yemeni government and Houthi armed forces recently reached an agreement on prisoner exchange, agreeing to release 887 detainees. The parties to the conflict in Sudan also realized the value of reconciliation and agreed to promote peace through the political process.

　　In fact, this round of "reconciliation tide" in the Middle East can be traced back to the second half of 2020 at the earliest. The British "Middle East Eye" news network said that at that time, the UAE and Iran began to contact, and Saudi Arabia contacted Qatar in early 2021. Subsequently, intensive diplomatic contacts were launched between Egypt and Qatar and other Arab countries, and between Turkey, Israel and Iran and Arab countries. For example, the Israeli president visited Turkey in March 2022, which was the first time that an Israeli president visited Ankara in 15 years.

　　Divide and rule in western countries is the source of unrest.

　　For a long time, the Middle East has been one of the most turbulent regions in the world. According to Qatar Al Jazeera, in the past half century, there have been more wars in this region than in any other region. After the end of the cold war, violent conflicts in many parts of the world have subsided, but the Middle East is the opposite. Since the 21st century, the armed conflicts in this region have accounted for one third of the total armed conflicts in the world. However, the "Middle East Forum", an American think tank, has previously issued a document pointing out that in the four centuries before the First World War, the Middle East was relatively stable. Wang Guang, a professor at Shanghai International Studies University and executive director of the China-Arab Reform and Development Research Center, said in an interview with the Global Times reporter that in history, Arabs have lived in the same country for a long time. Although their relationship is complicated, they have many integrations and close contacts.

　　So, what makes the Middle East so "flammable and explosive"? Wang Guangda said that the long-term turmoil in the region has both internal and external causes, and the politicization of religious issues is one of them. From the religious point of view, there are two pairs of contradictions in the Middle East countries. First, the contradiction between Islamic countries and Israel is the main contradiction in the Middle East countries, which has continued since the founding of Israel. Secondly, the contradiction between Islamic countries is mainly reflected in the struggle between Sunni countries represented by Saudi Arabia and Shiite camps represented by Iran for the leadership of the Islamic world. This contradiction has been continuously fermented since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979 and intensified in the 21st century. An important reason for the long-term disharmony between Middle East countries is that religious issues have been used by extraterritorial forces and become a tool for the West to provoke relations between Middle East countries.

　　"The Sykes-Pico Agreement of 1916 opened a century of Middle East history." According to the UAE newspaper El Pais, the traditional view is that this secret agreement between Britain and France to carve up the Asian part of the Ottoman Empire is the source of chaos in the Middle East. Professor Logan of Oxford University said that Britain, France and other western countries forcibly demarcated national borders in the Middle East and used them to divide and rule these countries, laying a hidden danger for future conflicts. If the Balfour Declaration written by the British Foreign Secretary in 1917 led to the continuous Arab-Israeli conflict, then France’s attempt to establish a Christian nation-state in Lebanon not only led to the partial disintegration of the country, but also led to the conflict between Lebanon and Syria. The root cause of the border conflict between Iraq and Kuwait is also territorial dispute.

　　After the Suez Canal crisis in 1956, the United States replaced Britain and France as the main "player" in the Middle East, and Washington’s Middle East policy also had a long-term impact on the pattern of the region. Wang said that the Middle East is one of the cradles of the Cold War, and it is also a place where the United States and the Soviet Union compete for hegemony. Countries in the region choose to take sides and join different camps. After the end of the Cold War, the United States dominated the Middle East, forcibly promoted regime change and the so-called "democratic" export, and plunged the Middle East into perennial war by waging war and instigating the "Arab Spring", bringing deep suffering to the local people.

　　With the change of security concept, countries are more pragmatic and open.

　　"(Middle East ‘ Reconciliation tide ’ ) is determined by the changes in the broader international situation. "Al Jazeera and other media all mentioned the United States when analyzing the accelerated reconciliation of Middle East countries. The United States continues to shift its strategic focus to the Asia-Pacific region, gradually changing its strategic focus in the Middle East and giving up its traditional commitment to Arab allies. This has led American Middle Eastern allies to gradually realize that Washington cannot be trusted, so they began to make efforts to diversify their security and military partners and implement more hedging strategies. Both Saudi Arabia and Iran want to join the BRICS cooperation mechanism, and Iran is already an observer of the SCO. Gary Peng, a scholar at American Wesleyan College, believes that, to a large extent, the Middle East has entered the "de-Americanization era", which is characterized by more pragmatic and open governments and mixed alliances among countries, and they do this in order to win more room for manoeuvre for themselves.

　　Wang Guangda said that the United States, which is keen on camp confrontation, has gradually implemented strategic contraction in the Middle East, while China, which upholds the concept of peaceful development and win-win cooperation, has increasingly close ties with countries in the Middle East, and the "One Belt, One Road" initiative is also well received by these countries. In the "tide of reconciliation" in the Middle East, China played a role of boosting and mediating.

　　Ezzat, executive director of the Egyptian Foreign Affairs Committee, said in an interview with the Global Times that the people in the Middle East have suffered from war for a long time and have long longed for peace. With the changes in the international situation and the promotion of all parties, Middle Eastern countries have begun to realize that peace is the best choice, which provides important conditions and impetus for reconciliation. Li Xueyan, from the Middle East Institute of Shanghai International Studies University, said that from the perspective of the region, "seeking peace and development" has become the mainstream aspiration of countries in the Middle East in recent years, and it has also enhanced the willingness of countries to resolve conflicts. In addition, regional countries also hope to expand their influence in the construction of a new Middle East order, which needs to be shaped by soft power rather than war. In particular, it should be pointed out that the urgent task for most countries in the Middle East, represented by Saudi Arabia, is to speed up development and change the single economic development model that relies on oil. Therefore, their focus is no longer on geopolitical games, but on creating a better surrounding environment, improving regional relations and creating conditions for domestic development.

　　The British "Middle East Eye" news network and other media said that the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic and the losses caused by it also made Middle East countries more pragmatic and began to give priority to interest-based agendas such as trade rather than ideological agendas. This is particularly evident in the reconciliation process between Egypt and Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Turkey. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine makes the location advantage and the importance of oil and gas resources in the eastern Mediterranean more prominent, thus creating a positive atmosphere for Turkey, Israel and Egypt to reach a consensus. In addition, the earthquakes in Turkey and Syria on February 6th created space for the "disaster relief diplomacy" of Middle East countries. Some analysts said that the Trump administration played an important role in promoting reconciliation between Israel and Arab countries.

　　The United States and the West will not let go easily.

　　What impact will this "reconciliation tide" in the Middle East countries have on the region and the world? First of all, Saudi Arabia and Iran have played an important role in shaping the political structure in the Middle East, and the improvement of relations between the two countries may further ease the internal conflicts in other Middle East countries. According to media analysis such as CNN, Yemen’s civil war broke out in 2014, and Shay supported the opposing factions in Yemen’s civil war. Reconciliation between the two countries will promote a ceasefire between the two sides of the Yemen conflict and form an inclusive national government. A similar situation may also be staged in Lebanon and Syria. Analysts say that it is also in Iraq’s interest for Shai to achieve reconciliation, because since the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime in 2003, Iraq has become an arena for confrontation between Tehran and Riyadh.

　　Wang Guang said that the acceleration of reconciliation among Middle Eastern countries will enhance their influence in international organizations and increase their weight in the multipolar world structure. If the countries in the Middle East put more energy into seeking reform and development, the people in the Middle East will actually benefit. If the countries in the Middle East break the barriers and become one, they will create a strategic economic zone with rich resources and important geostrategic value, and an integrated Middle East market may appear in the future. The long-term turmoil in the Middle East has seriously affected world peace and development. If the region stabilizes, it will be an important contribution to promoting world peace. All countries will benefit from the stability of the Middle East, a region of great geopolitical and geo-economic significance.

　　However, The New York Times, Britain’s "Middle East Eye" news network and other media believe that the sustainability of reconciliation among countries in the Middle East and the resilience of the process of normalization of relations remain to be seen. The international and regional situations that promote the accelerated reconciliation of countries in the region are prone to change, and there are also uncertainties within countries, so how far reconciliation can go is still unknown. Wang Guangda reminded that it will take time for Middle East countries to form consensus and join forces. For the Middle East, a region with special geostrategic value, the United States and the West will not let go easily, but will probably try to undermine the process of regional reconciliation.

　　While countries in the Middle East were carrying out shuttle diplomacy, the US military said that it had carried out air strikes against Iranian-backed militants in eastern Syria on the evening of March 23rd. In the afternoon, a drone suspected to be launched by pro-Iranian militants attacked a local US military facility, causing casualties among US contractors and soldiers. Jalillund, a professor of international relations at Tehran University, said that some regional and international forces do not want security and peace in the Middle East. They are trying their best to create problems between Iran and Arab countries and prevent Syria from returning to the embrace of the Arab world.

　　On the morning of March 3rd, Qin Yizhi, the first secretary of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League, and his party went to china network television (CNTV) to conduct a special investigation on "Volunteer Action of Youth Network Civilization", participated in a symposium on the theme of volunteer action of youth network civilization, and issued a "Declaration of My Network Civilization" through the Weibo platform of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League: surfing the Internet according to law, being civilized and being rational, and striving to be a "good netizen in China". Chang Yu, secretary of the Communist Youth League Beijing Municipal Committee, Yuan Zhengming, deputy director of CCTV, and Wang Wenbin, secretary of the Party Committee and general manager of china network television, investigated together.

　　Qin Yizhi visited the news duty room, national network video database, global network video distribution monitoring center, national new media integrated broadcast control platform and other core business departments in china network television. While visiting, Qin Yizhi inquired about the operation and development of each business in detail, and had a concrete and in-depth exchange with the youth of the League members who explained on the spot on content production and technology research and development.

　　Subsequently, Qin Yizhi had a discussion with more than 40 people, including representatives of youth network civilization volunteers and CNTV young employees. Wang Wenbin briefly introduced china network television’s work and achievements in guiding young people to surf the Internet in a civilized way, spreading positive energy on the Internet, and creating a clear cyberspace. Young business backbones introduced Illustrate Our Values, CCTV network Spring Festival Evening, interactive products of "panda lighting firecrackers" and collection activities of "Remember Homesickness".

　　At the symposium, the representatives of young volunteers with Internet civilization spoke one after another, talking about the great changes in life and work brought about by the rapid development of the Internet, and talking about suggestions for guiding young people to surf the Internet in a civilized way. Yan Jin, a young employee of the Communist party member Network, recalled the experience of being deeply infected by the demonstration and leading effect formed by the rational expression of online emotions by college students’ "village officials" and the civilized participation in online interaction during the solicitation of the theme of "Exposing Your Chinese Dream". In the summer, the young staff of the editorial office talked about how to produce "immunity" when dealing with the negative energy of these networks, combining their work experience of participating in the "special action to purify the network environment" for many times; Jiang Wenwen, a young employee of IPTV business section, shared some useful attempts and editing ideas on how to make good use of the expressions that young people like to see and hear to promote truth, goodness and beauty. Wang Danli, a young employee of the mobile Internet business segment, conducted a small survey on the mobile phone client at the scene and shared his insights gained by sharing civilized net posts in the mobile Internet and praising concise and interesting positive energy reports. Chenchen, a young employee of the Renaissance Forum, talked about the experience of actively spreading positive energy in the column "Give a heartfelt message to the General Secretary" and winning praise from netizens.

　　After listening to everyone’s speeches, Qin Yizhi said that he was a user of china network television, and he was very proud of this young staff with an average age of only 27. He highly affirmed the achievements of young employees in china network television in making the mainstream online public opinion bigger and stronger, promoting Chinese excellent traditional culture, and cultivating socialist core values by actively using youth thinking, youth perspective and youth’s favorite ways.

　　Qin Yizhi pointed out that when meeting with the advanced representatives of the Fourth National Civilized Cities, Civilized Villages and Towns, Civilized Units and Minors’ Ideological and Moral Construction, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that to realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, we should be extremely rich in material wealth and spiritual wealth, and we should continue to make unremitting efforts to build socialist spiritual civilization. At present, the Internet is increasingly becoming a "home" for teenagers to learn information, learn knowledge and have fun. Just as we don’t want the real home to be dirty, we should extend the spiritual civilization construction and youth volunteer action to the "online home" and work together to create a clean, comfortable and clear "online home". The majority of young netizens should actively practice the requirements of the Supreme Leader’s General Secretary, start from themselves, surf the Internet in accordance with the law, in a civilized way and rationally, actively participate in the voluntary action of youth network civilization, and strive to be "good netizens in China" to make cyberspace less resentful and more upright; Less false and ugly, more true, good and beautiful; Less slander and more tolerance and understanding; Less negative energy, more positive energy, and a strong spiritual strength for realizing the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Qin Yizhi pointed out that young Internet practitioners have a particularly important influence on the ecological construction of online public opinion, and they should shoulder particularly important responsibilities. It is hoped that young employees in china network television will strive to be good Internet users who are loyal to the Party, brave in taking responsibility, improve their level and are good at making voices, give full play to their advantages of being familiar with the characteristics of young netizens and the laws of network communication, and strive to create and launch more online spiritual and cultural products that are close to the needs of young people and help them grow up healthily, so as to drive the vast number of young netizens to bid farewell to silence in cyberspace, spread the positive energy of youth, sing "the good voice of young people", and strive to be "a good netizen in China" and play a new role in building a clear cyberspace.

Yunxiao Xiahe Yang Taoxi Harvest Fruit Farmers Happy Happy Yang Wanyi Photo

　　Zhangzhou, Southeast Network, November 8 (reporter Lin Yongqing of this website) strolled in the clouds and fell in love with the peaches and peaches in the river. Yunxiao County’s "Xiahe Carambola" has always enjoyed a good reputation. As the "largest village" for carambola planting, Xiahe Village in Yunxiao County has been planting carambola for nearly 150 years. The total annual output of carambola in the village is 25,000 tons, with a total output value of 120 million yuan. In 2013, it was recognized as the third batch of national "one village, one product" (carambola) demonstration villages by the Ministry of Agriculture and "Xiahe Carambola" in 2016.

　　However, in the early years, due to the lack of scientific guidance and industrial layout, local farmers fought their own battles, and the development of Xiahe carambola industry was once in a dilemma. More and more young people choose to go out, and the rest of the old people are struggling to live in their own Yangtaoyuan. The small mountain village has become an "empty shell village" and gradually put on the "hat" of the provincial key poverty alleviation village.

　　Thanks to the start of the tough battle against poverty, the Party Committee and government of Xiahe Township actively implemented industrial poverty alleviation in Xiahe Village, vigorously supported carambola planting, accelerated the development of carambola processing industry and rural tourism, and continuously extended the e-commerce poverty alleviation work to cooperatives and poor people. In 2016, 36 poor households with 133 people were lifted out of poverty in the village; in 2017, 31 poor households with 117 people were lifted out of poverty; in 2018, 5 poor households with 15 people were lifted out of poverty, and the village collectively lifted its hat.

Cai Yiyong, a poor household in Xiahe Village, is bagging his own carambola.

　　Improving the quality of carambola and promoting the model of industrial poverty alleviation

　　Before and after beginning of winter, it was when carambola was intoxicating. On November 7th, "E Road Peer & lsquo; Zhang ’ Charming "In 2019, a large-scale collecting tour group of Zhangzhou, a national key online media, came to Xiahe village: the ancient tea-horse road, the group of century-old carambola trees, the ancient castle, the Gu Lou house, the beacon tower, the gurgling sound of running water and the fragrant fruit. On the banks of the stream, the" carambola town "was particularly eye-catching.

　　Today’s Xiahe is not the poor village at the provincial level.

　　"In the past, what worried us most was that carambola could not sell at a good price." Cai Jinsong, secretary of the branch of Xiahe Village, told the reporter that in the past, although the planting area of carambola in Xiahe Village was large but scattered, the varieties were mainly local carambola, with sour taste and high output but poor sales. In addition, affected by factors such as remote geographical location and inconvenient transportation conditions, farmers can only "walk, ride, etc." when selling carambola. They walk to the neighboring village with their hands on their shoulders to sell it, ride a three-wheeled motorcycle for half an hour and transport it to the urban area for sale, waiting for the purchaser to enter the village. "Carambola fresh fruit can’t be sold in 2 yuan per catty."

　　Why to change this situation? Xiahe Township Government hired experts from the Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences to establish a variety improvement experimental park, and planned to build a 500-mu carambola planting demonstration base. On the basis of promoting the local variety "Tiger-tailed" planting, Malaysian crystal carambola, Taiwan Province soft-branch carambola, Malaysian red-fleshed carambola and other varieties were introduced for high grafting and planting in the township.

Xiahe carambola enjoys a bumper harvest. Photo by Dai Yuansheng

　　The quality of carambola has improved, and a number of farmers’ professional cooperatives have been established in Xiahe Village to apply for the registered geographical trademark of "Xiahe Carambola" for local carambola, and to formulate the "local standard" of carambola in a unified way. Since then, the village has vigorously promoted the industrial business model of "cooperative+base+farmers+market", and on this basis, it has implemented the industrial poverty alleviation model of "base+cooperative+poor households". "All the poor households in the village have been included in the cooperative, and the poor households who have planted carambola have signed an agreement with the cooperative, which will underwrite the purchase and sales, and provide technical support and management training, and each household can increase their income by more than 3,000 yuan per year!"

　　Since 2016, there have been 36 poor households with 133 people in Xiahe Village who have achieved poverty alleviation through cooperatives.

Xiahe "Taoyuan outside the city" attracts guests to Gao Zhijian.

　　Extending the carambola industrial chain to realize "one after another" production

　　At present, rural leisure tourism is quietly emerging in Xiahe Village. In Xiahe Carambola Ecological Sightseeing Park, you can always see tourists weaving, picking carambola in the "10,000-acre carambola sea", enjoying candied fruit in an idyllic hut, or enjoying the beautiful scenery on the lookout … …

　　Taking Xiahe Village in Yunxiao County as a demonstration site, the implementation of fixed-point precision poverty alleviation will not only make the carambola industry bigger and stronger, but also promote the carambola industry "one after another", extend the carambola processing industry and tourism, realize the linkage of three industries, form a pattern of "one production after another", and realize the "three harvests" of agricultural efficiency, farmers’ income increase and fiscal and tax growth.

　　"Xiahe Village takes the carambola industry as the axis, creating a closed loop of carambola processing industry and rural tourism industry, activating rural economic vitality, effectively increasing the income of Xiahe Village, and radiating the economic development of the township." Cai Yuzhong, propaganda officer of Xiahe Township, said that at present, Xiahe carambola has formed a series of products, and the annual sales of carambola series products produced by several farmers’ professional cooperatives and food processing enterprises have reached more than 10 million yuan after being put on the market.

Yang Tao Shu Xia Hua Feng Shou Yang Wanyi Photography

　　Xiahe Village also focused its attention on the development of modern leisure tourism industry. In 2016, with 10,000 mu of carambola base as the fulcrum, Xiahe Township invested 150 million yuan to build a carambola eco-tourism park in Xiahe Village, and strived to build a multi-functional carambola eco-tourism park integrating modern agriculture and cultural tourism.

　　Later, Xiahe Village held the Carambola Festival in succession, and through the activities, it developed a rural tour integrating picking experience and leisure sightseeing, attracting self-driving tourists from Xiamen, Quanzhou and other places. The carambola picking season in February 2017 alone attracted more than 60,000 tourists, driving economic income of more than 4 million yuan. The third carambola picking season held in January 2018 not only attracted tourists from Fujian and Guangdong, but also reached a strategy with mainstream online and offline travel agencies.

　　"Now there are self-help tour groups going to Xiahe every weekend, and the role of rural tourism radiation is increasingly apparent." Cai Yuzhong said that rural tourism has driven the income of poor households in Xiahe Village. Since 2016, 52 poor households in Xiahe Village have increased their income through rural tourism, with an average annual income increase of more than 2,000 yuan.

Farmers’ cooperative members are preparing to send carambola online orders to all parts of the country. Photo by Yang Wanyi

　　E-commerce promotes poverty alleviation and poverty-stricken villages have ushered in a "butterfly change"

　　In the Fuda Farmers’ Professional Cooperative in Xiahe Village, the reporter saw that the members were busy and prepared to send the online orders of carambola to all parts of the country. Letting carambola touch the "electricity" and enter the "net" is a new way for Xiahe Village to get rid of poverty.

　　Xiahe Village did not forget to use the east wind of "internet plus" to promote poverty alleviation. Relying on the 10,000-mu carambola base, they established a rural Taobao operation center and established an e-commerce association at the same time. 19 cooperatives in the village signed contracts with e-commerce platforms, and also guided large producers and cooperatives to sign contracts with e-commerce platforms such as mobile APP, Taobao and JD.COM and Wechat business.

　　Cai Jinsong told reporters that Xiahe Village has formed an e-commerce poverty-stricken system of "one store with multiple households and one store with one village", which has been paired with poor households through rural e-commerce service stations, cooperatives and e-commerce platforms to realize online and offline effective docking and share the value-added benefits of the e-commerce industrial chain. In March 2017, the "Yurun Planting Cooperative" was established by the Party branch of Xiahe Village, which brought all the poor households in the village into the cooperative and integrated into the most popular "easy financing" method. In just a few days, it helped the poor households to sell more than 10,000 kilograms of carambola, with sales reaching more than 50,000 yuan, which greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of poor households to grow and raise.

Township cadres go deep into the grassroots, communicate with poor households, and understand the income increase. Photo by Lin Hanrong

　　In addition, Xiahe Village has also established an e-commerce accurate poverty alleviation team, and strengthened the training of e-commerce poverty alleviation managers. At the same time, it encouraged poor households to receive "mobile phone micro-shop" training, equipped with basic intelligent terminals, and launched "poverty alleviation online" with the help of background big data. "With the help of big data, we can know the supply and demand information in time, find out the production situation of poor households, solve the problem of unsalable products and accurately subsidize poverty alleviation funds to households and people in the later period." Cai Jinsong said.

　　At present, through the online platform, the monthly sales volume of Xiahe carambola is above 10,000 boxes, which are mainly sold to domestic and foreign markets such as Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Shenyang, Fuzhou and Xiamen, and the price reaches 50 yuan per box.

　　Today, Xiahe Village relies on the development of carambola industry to get rid of poverty, and it is welcoming its own spring.

　　The perfect "butterfly change" in Xiahe Village is a microcosm of Zhangzhou’s efforts to get rid of poverty. Since the launch of the "Three-year Action to Promote Accurate Poverty Alleviation and Win the Fight against Poverty", Zhangzhou has achieved poverty alleviation by the end of 2018 through the implementation of "seven key projects" such as the development of characteristic industries, relocation and reconstruction of housing, education and training, medical insurance assistance, social security, perfect infrastructure, and "double weak villages". In addition, in June this year, three key poverty alleviation and development counties at the provincial level were also approved by the General Office of the Fujian Provincial Party Committee and the General Office of the Provincial Government, and Zhangzhou City has thus achieved global poverty alleviation.

Miscellaneous talk about medicine garden　

A paradise for medical people to share and discuss pharmaceutical knowledge,

Common progress and development

　

In order to promote the consistency evaluation, the General Administration announced the catalogue of generic reference preparations in batches from March 17, 2017, and began to publicize the draft of the catalogue of generic reference preparations on March 28, 2019.　

In the Catalogue of Reference Preparations for Chemical Generic Drugs (25th Batch) (Draft for Comment), the list of varieties that failed to pass the review began to be updated. By the end of the Catalogue of Reference Preparations for Chemical Generic Drugs (59th Batch) (Draft for Comment), 620 failed product specifications had been updated, and 93 were reviewed by the consistency evaluation expert committee again after receiving the objection application from the enterprise. The experts maintained their original conclusions and failed the second review.

The following figure shows that the historical batches of the exposure draft have not passed the review and reference publication:

　

The main reasons for not passing the review are as follows:

　

A has no reference preparation status.

According to the Procedure for Selection and Determination of Reference Preparations for Chemical Generic Drugs, the order of selecting reference preparations is: original research imported, original research not imported, original research localized and internationally recognized drugs of the same kind.

Of the 527 failed quality regulations, 280 were rejected because they did not have the status of reference preparations. Analysis of the reasons for not having the status of reference preparation can also be divided into the following situations:

　

1. Clearly do not recommend reference preparations.

The reference preparation is not recommended for the trial varieties that can BE exempted or simplified in human bioequivalence (BE) issued by the National Bureau. For example, Compound Polyethylene Glycol Electrolyte Powder (V), similar varieties have been clearly not recommended in the notice (No.136, 2018) issued by the National Bureau on the exemption or simplification of human bioequivalence (BE) test varieties. It has not passed the review.

2. There is no such dosage form in the original research.

Because the reference preparations to be declared are varieties with modified specifications, the original research did not have this specification and failed to pass the review, such as acarbose chewable tablets, pantoprazole sodium enteric-coated capsules, acetaminophen dry suspension, betamethasone sodium phosphate injection, etc.

3. Compared with the published reference preparation, it has no obvious advantage.

3.1 The concentration of the reference preparation to be applied for is the same as that of the published reference preparation, but the loading quantity is different.

We can find that the specification of 4.5354g/7.5ml of Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals was published in the 27th batch, and the specification of 9.0708g/15ml was published in the 28th batch.

　

In the Catalogue of Reference Preparations for Chemical Generic Drugs (Fifty-ninth Batch) (Draft for Comment), 1.20944g/2ml, 6.0472g/10ml, 18.1416g/30ml and 39.3068g/65ml of gadolinium butoxide injection of Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc were rejected because they were different from the published reference.

3.2 The published reference preparations are prescription drugs listed in the United States, and it is not recommended to add OTC drugs as reference preparations.

Omeprazole sodium bicarbonate capsules are managed separately according to prescription drugs and OTC in the United States. The published reference preparations are prescription drugs listed in the United States, and it is not recommended to add OTC drugs as reference preparations.

3.3 Compared with published reference preparations, there is no clinical advantage.

Piperacillin sodium tazobactam sodium for injection by Dapeng Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. was rejected because the powder-liquid double-chamber bag was not widely used and the cost was high. The orally disintegrating tablet of montelukast sodium from MSD Co., Ltd. was not approved because the dosage form to be applied for was orally disintegrating tablet, which only provided a choice of dosage form for clinic, and had no clinical application advantage compared with other oral preparations on the market. Cefalexin fine granules of Gonghe Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. were not approved because the published reference preparation of Cefalexin dry suspension could basically cover the usage and dosage required by children patients.

3.4 Non-original research and no reference preparation status

The metronidazole vaginal gel of Oceanside Pharmaceuticals is a generic drug authorized by the original research, but it is a generic drug listed in the United States and does not have the status of reference preparation; Pravastatin sodium tablets (4 specifications) of Teva Pharmaceuticals Usa Inc are internationally recognized as the same drug, but the reference preparation to be applied for is a generic drug listed in the United States, which does not have the status of reference preparation and is not approved.

B lack of complete and sufficient safety and effectiveness data.

A total of 104 quality regulations failed due to the lack of complete and sufficient safety and effectiveness data, of which 22 were reviewed by the consistency evaluation expert Committee again after receiving the objection application from the enterprise, and the experts maintained the original conclusion and failed the second review.　

Most of the reasons why this kind of drug failed to pass the review were that the data of safety and effectiveness provided by the applicant were not sufficient, and it was impossible to determine that it was a drug with safety, effectiveness and quality controllability. In addition, Alfasigma Romania S.R.L’ s creatine phosphate sodium for injection is the original research drug listed in China, but this product has been included in the first batch of national key monitoring drugs list, and the relevant safety and effectiveness data are limited, so the review failed; Pidotimod oral solution of Polichem S.R.L was not approved due to insufficient evidence of clinical effectiveness according to the Notice of the General Administration on Starting Clinical Efficacy Test of Pidotimod Oral Liquid (No.31 [2018] of Food and Drug Administration); Alfasigma S.p.A’ s Levocarnitine Hydrochloride Enteric-coated Tablets was declared for import in the original research, and the application materials were not enough to support the effectiveness of this product for the applied indications. The conclusion was that it was not approved and the review was not passed.

C does not meet the domestic indications, usage and dosage

There are 64 product specifications involved because they do not meet the domestic indications and usage and dosage. Subdivided into the following three reasons:

　

The specification of oxytocin injection of Takeda Chemical Industry Co., Ltd./ぁすかかかか Co., Ltd. is 1 unit /ml, and the specification of 1 unit /ml of this product is unreasonable, which is less than the minimum dose recommended by the instructions for single use (2.5 units/ml); The specification of Pioglitazone Hydrochloride Tablets of TAKEDA PHARMACEUTICALS USA INC is 45mg. In the past, an expert consultation meeting was held for hypoglycemic drugs. Clinical experts reported that the maximum dosage of this product used in China is usually 30mg, and the specification of the reference preparation to be applied is greater than the maximum dosage, which was not approved. Naproxen is a non-mainstream non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in China. Naproxen, esmomeprazole and magnesium enteric-coated tablets of Horizon Medicines LLC, the compound does not meet the requirements of domestic clinical practice and compound preparation for the time being, and the review was not passed.

D. The listed areas are not in the European Union, the United States and Japan (with relatively perfect regulatory system).

There are 46 quality regulations that have been rejected because the listed areas are not in the European Union, the United States and Japan. In order to ensure the quality of reference preparations, it is suggested that the reference preparations should be the original drugs approved for listing by institutions with relatively perfect regulatory systems such as the European Union, the United States and Japan, and the review failed.

There are mainly the following 12 listed regions that failed to pass the review:

　

E has certain security risks.

There are 21 quality regulations that failed due to certain safety risks, and 8 of them were reviewed by the consistency evaluation expert Committee again after receiving the objection application from the enterprise. The experts maintained the original conclusion and failed the second review.

It is worth noting that injections and eye drops without preservatives and antioxidants have more advantages as reference preparations.

　

F process quality does not meet the requirements.

There are 12 product specifications that failed because the process quality did not meet the requirements, and four of them were reviewed by the consistency evaluation expert Committee again after receiving the objection application from the enterprise. The experts maintained the original conclusion and failed the second review.

　

Oxaliplatin for injection of Sanofi-Aventis France is the reference preparation published in the 27th batch. After deliberation by the expert committee for consistency evaluation, the oxaliplatin injection prepared by terminal sterilization process can meet the requirements of product impurity control and stability, and oxaliplatin injection with terminal sterilization should be the first choice, and oxaliplatin for injection is an unreasonable dosage form, so it should be transferred. If the reference is rejected, the declared product has no possibility of approval.

　

tag

The selection of reference preparation is the key in the process of generic drug research and development. If the selection is wrong, the project progress will be delayed, and the blood will be lost. By studying the reasons why the reference preparation failed the audit, we can learn a lot of experience in project risk assessment and product research, and clearly judge the value orientation of the country to generic drugs. When researching products, we should not only pay attention to foreign data, but also pay attention to the performance of drugs in China. Try to avoid the embarrassment that the application for reference preparation was rejected, and pay more attention to avoid the tragedy that the selected reference preparation was transferred out of the catalogue.

　　Cctv news (Reporter Liu Ying) On May 25th, China E-commerce Innovation and Development Summit opened in Guiyang. Yuan Renguo, chairman of China Kweichow Moutai Distillery Co., Ltd., delivered a speech at the opening ceremony. He said that integrating Internet thinking and big data into corporate strategy and production and operation, using 3-mdash; Five years to build big data Maotai, strengthen the seamless connection with consumers, and form a global big data platform such as manufacturing, trading and interactive industry chain and diversified expansion of Maotai, so that Maotai’s high-quality data can continue to be the most important data assets of the enterprise and continuously improve its core competitiveness, industrial competitiveness, brand influence and market share.

　　The following is the full text of Yuan Renguo’s speech:

　　Dear Governor Sun, distinguished leaders, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, friends. As a leading enterprise in Guizhou Province and liquor industry, Maotai Group is honored to discuss the development of big data with industry leaders, experts, scholars and elites from the global big data field.

　　Big data has brought changes to the manufacturing industry as much as the invention of steam engines and electricity has promoted the industrial revolution. In recent years, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader and Premier Li Keqiang have repeatedly given clear instructions on the implementation of the big data strategy and the internet plus Action Plan. The Guizhou Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government attached great importance to big data and made a decision to promote the strategic action of big data in the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan". Big data has opened a brand-new era. Artificial intelligence, virtual reality technology, augmented reality technology, mixed reality technology, unmanned controllers and new sensors are on the rise. Everyone has a terminal, things can be sensed, and the Internet can be accessed everywhere. In real time, under the general trend of connected everything, data has become a valuable resource asset and production factor. The connection between Maotai and global consumers has increased the connection of big data on the basis of traditional connections, achieving zero distance from the world.

　　Maotai’s craft is one of the living fossils of China’s manufacturing industry, and it is the representative of China’s traditional craftsman spirit. At present, world-renowned wine companies are carrying out big data reform, intelligent production, and informationization of the whole industry chain. Maotai deeply integrates big data, the Internet and the craftsman spirit, and leads Maotai’s innovative development with the big data revolution. First of all, Maotai built an Internet of Things cloud business platform to realize the data traceability of the whole industry chain. Maotai built the first comprehensive category trading platform integrating grassroots B2B2C, industrial financial services, collection and auction in the domestic liquor industry, and the trend of each bottle of Moutai can be quickly merged into the most valuable information of the company, which constitutes the big data of the whole industry chain of the company. At the same time, consumers can also know the production and sales links of each bottle of Moutai in their hands through the quality traceability system. We will interact with online and offline, actively and flexibly consume experiences and personalized needs.

　　This year, Maotai used Internet technology to establish an information system for brewing production technology, from brewing to smart brewing. A bottle of Moutai has to go through 30 supply and demand and 165 technological links, and it will take at least five years. In the window of traditional enterprises facing the discovery and utilization of new growth drivers, under the background of Global Industry 4.0, Maotai has established an information system for collecting, counting and feeding back brewing production data.

　　We will further promote the revolution and innovation of big data, better serve the global consumers from the traditional space to the Internet space, and extend the real-time interaction between service consumers and global consumers, and integrate Internet thinking and big data into corporate strategy and production and operation, using 3— Five years to build big data Maotai, strengthen the seamless connection with consumers, and form a global big data platform such as manufacturing, trading, interactive whole industry chain and diversified expansion of Maotai, so that Maotai’s high-quality data can continue to be the most important data assets of the enterprise and continuously improve its core competitiveness, industrial competitiveness, brand influence and market share. Data creates value, innovation drives the future, and the integration of knowledge and practice in Guiyang is the birthplace of philosophical thought. To make the flower of dreams bear the fruit of career, it depends on promoting knowledge with knowledge and promoting knowledge with action. Breaking can promote vitality, and innovation can promote the future. In 1995, Maotai left a much-told story in Panama. Because of breaking and innovation, Maotai has become a world-famous brand with the largest sales volume and the strongest leading ability in the world.

　　Finally, welcome all of you to visit Maotai. You can appreciate the mellow taste of Maotai. Thank you!

　　"Cancel the recognition of housing and loan" and "encourage the elderly to buy houses with relatives" …… On March 1 this year, after Zhengzhou became the first city in China to relax the purchase restriction policy, many cities followed up and adjusted the purchase restriction policy.

　　Over 30 cities adjust the purchase restriction policy

　　According to the incomplete statistics of The Paper, this year, it includes Zhengzhou, Qinhuangdao, Fuzhou, Quzhou, Lanzhou, Shaoxing, Foshan, Shenyang, Huizhou, Zhongshan, Dongguan, Jurong, Changsha, Yangzhou, Hefei, Shenyang, Hangzhou, Huzhou, Yinchuan, Dalian, Harbin, Tangshan, Wuxi, Jiangmen, Guangzhou, Jiujiang, Nanjing, Wuhan.

　　In these cities, some announced the abolition of the original restrictive measures, some announced the narrowing of the scope of purchase restrictions, some lowered the threshold of purchase restrictions, and some cities made it clear that families with many children and relatives could increase the number of places to buy houses.

　　Take Tianjin as an example. On September 16th, according to "Tianjin Housing and Urban-Rural Development", the Tianjin Municipal Housing and Urban-Rural Development Committee and other seven departments jointly issued the Notice on Further Improving the Real Estate Regulation Policy to Promote the Healthy Development of the Real Estate Industry (hereinafter referred to as the Notice). The Notice mentioned that new citizens and college graduates who are not registered in this city and are employed in this city can buy in Tianjin with social insurance or personal income tax certificates for six consecutive months.

　　According to the "Implementation Opinions on Deepening the Regulation of the Real Estate Market in Tianjin" issued by Tianjin on March 31, 2017, families with non-Tianjin household registration who purchase houses in this city need to provide proof of continuous payment of social insurance or personal income tax for more than 2 years in Tianjin within 3 years.

　　In terms of supporting the demand for improved housing, the Notice proposes that families with members aged 60 and above and families with many children who have two or more children can purchase another set of housing on the basis of the original housing purchase restriction policy in Tianjin with the household registration book.

　　Guan Rongxue, an analyst at Zhuge Housing Data Research Center, pointed out that in the original policy, it was clear that non-Tianjin registered residents were required to provide proof of continuous payment of social insurance or personal income tax for more than two years within three years in this city, and now it is adjusted to only provide social insurance or individual income tax for six consecutive months, which lowered the threshold for buying a house; Secondly, for families with members aged 60 and above and families with many children who have two or more children, one set can be purchased, which fully considers the housing needs of different age groups and reasonably relieves the contradiction between supply and demand.

　　The policy of Suzhou and Qingdao is now "one-day tour"

　　However, in the above-mentioned cities that announced the adjustment of the purchase restriction policy, there have also been cases in which policies have been introduced and adjusted.

　　Taking Qingdao as an example, on September 15th, WeChat official account, the official WeChat of Qingdao Urban and Rural Construction Bureau, released "Dynamic Improvement of Real Estate Policy in Qingdao". The New Deal is clear, and the purchase restriction policy will continue to be implemented in Shinan District and Shibei District (except the original Sifang District).

　　At the same time, continue to clarify the purchase of housing. For new commercial housing in the restricted area, local residents are restricted to purchase 2 sets, families with two children and three children can purchase 1 set, and foreign residents can purchase 1 set after living for half a year; Second-hand housing is no longer restricted.

　　However, on the same day, Qingdao Housing and Urban-Rural Development Bureau deleted the statement that "second-hand housing is no longer restricted".

　　On the afternoon of September 16th, the relevant staff of Qingdao Housing and Urban-Rural Development Bureau told The Paper that in the new policy, the restricted purchase area of second-hand houses has been adjusted, and the restricted purchase policy is still implemented for first-hand houses and second-hand houses in Shinan District and Shibei District, while the restricted purchase is released for first-hand houses and second-hand houses in other areas.

　　On September 14th, market news came out that Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province has made adjustments to the purchase restriction policy, and non-Suzhou local residents can directly purchase the first suite without providing proof of social security payment.

　　According to the New Deal, the six districts in Suzhou (including Xiangcheng District, gusu district District, Wuzhong District, Wujiang District, Industrial Park and High-tech Zone) have adjusted the policies for foreigners to buy the first suite, and it is no longer necessary to show social security certificates or tax certificates.

　　Subsequently, The Paper confirmed from the real estate departments in various districts that the above policies were indeed adjusted. However, on September 16th, The Paper learned from the real estate departments of gusu district, Xiangcheng District, Wuzhong District, High-tech Zone and Industrial Park in Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province that the purchase restriction policies of gusu district, Xiangcheng District, Wuzhong District, High-tech Zone and Industrial Park for non-registered households have been restored to the original policy, that is, the conditions for non-registered households to purchase houses are to pay social security for six consecutive months in Suzhou within three years.

　　Chen Wenjing, director of market research in the Index Division of the Central Finger Research Institute, believes that under the guidance of the central government’s orientation of "housing and not speculating", the efforts of policy optimization in first-and second-tier cities are generally weak, and high-frequency small-step optimization in various places has become a major feature of real estate policy adjustment this year.

　　Chen Wenjing pointed out that the recent cancellation of the purchase restriction policies in Suzhou and Qingdao has been withdrawn, which further shows that "no speculation in housing" is still the bottom line of the policies. Among all kinds of restrictive policies, the restriction on the purchase of foreign household registration is an important firewall for core cities to achieve "housing and not speculation". In the short term, it is unlikely that hot second-tier cities will completely cancel the restriction on purchases. It is expected that more cities will gradually advance by giving priority to relaxing the restrictions on purchases in suburbs. At the same time, combined with the National Standing Committee at the end of August, "Allow local ‘ One city, one policy ’ From the expression of "flexible use of credit and other policies", it is more likely that second-tier cities will reduce the down payment ratio and optimize the "recognition of housing and loans" in the future.

　　From a national perspective, Chen Xiao, a senior analyst at Zhuge Housing Search Data Research Center, pointed out that from the perspective of policy trends, policy loosening has gradually shifted from the initial stage of mild relaxation such as initial housing subsidies and relaxation of provident fund loans to a more in-depth stage, that is, the policy loosening is stronger, the coverage is deeper, and the influence is more profound. At present, many cities have released policies to loosen restrictions on purchases, including some hot second-tier cities, and the degree of loosening has gradually expanded, which will play a substantial role in boosting the property market.

　　According to the monitoring data of Zhuge Housing Search Data Research Center, the sales area of new houses in 40 cities monitored in August was 14,882,000 square meters, down 10.08% from the previous month and 24.53% from the same period last year. 59,721 sets of second-hand houses were sold in 10 key cities, down 9.23% from the previous month and up 21.27% year-on-year.

　　Recently, Tokyo Electric Power Company of Japan conducted an internal investigation on the reactor containment of Unit 1 of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, and thought that the "control rod drive mechanism" at the bottom of the reactor pressure vessel might partially fall off and cause perforation at the bottom of the vessel.

　　Japan’s Kyodo News reported on the 16th that the investigation of TEPCO was carried out from March 28th to 31st, and the company put underwater robots into the containment of stagnant water. When the camera is used to photograph the surroundings, there is a space where no image is displayed, which is said to mean that the bottom of the pressure vessel is perforated. The attached blocks are considered as fuel fragments, which strongly interfere with the captured images and may have a high radiation around them. Blocks suspected of molten nuclear fuel (fuel fragments) are attached to the inner wall of the pressure vessel base. According to the analysis of TEPCO, "the heat of fuel fragments leads to the perforation of pressure vessels".

　　According to TEPCO, the control rod drive mechanism is a device that lifts the control rod from the lower side of the pressure vessel to adjust the output power of the reactor. At present, the tubular rod bundle about 4 meters long is lower than the normal position, and part of it falls to the bottom of the containment.

Original KATY B?RNER and other intelligence clubs.

introduction

With the progress of science, the research on citation network, research results, science policy and so on has attracted more and more attention, and gradually formed an interdisciplinary subject-the Science of Science. In 2018, many scholars led by Albert-László Barabási, a network scientist, published a heavy review in Science, which comprehensively introduced this "high-level discipline" from the interdisciplinary methods of scientology and the guidance of scientology to improve scientific research productivity.

Santo Fortunato, Carl T. Bergstrom, Katy Brner et al | Author

Chen Xi |

Cui Haochuan | proofreading

Wangyi Lin, Deng Yixue | Editor

catalogue

I. Structure Summary

1. Background

2. Progress

Step 3 look ahead

Second, the text

1. Summary

2. A network of scientists, scientific research institutions and scientific research ideas.

3. Selection of research questions

4. Innovation

5. Dynamics of scientists’ academic career

6. Team research

7. The dynamics behind the cited quantity

8. Outlook

Attachment: References

I. Structure Summary

1. Background

Nowadays, with the increasing digital access to the whole process of scientific research, including scientific research fund support, academic production, scientist cooperation, citation of articles and career movement of scientists, people have gained unprecedented opportunities to explore the structure and development of science. The science of science (hereinafter abbreviated as SciSci) provides a quantitative understanding of the interaction between scientific units with different space and time scales: it allows us to understand the conditions behind "creativity" and the process of scientific discovery, and its ultimate goal is to develop a series of policies and tools that can accelerate scientific research.

In the past ten years, science of science has attracted scientists from natural, computer and sociological research backgrounds. Together, they built scientific research big data for empirical analysis and generation model research to capture the productivity behind science and the development and changes of practitioners. Scientology hopes to understand and promote various factors in scientific research more deeply, so as to solve environmental, social and technical problems more effectively.

Science can be regarded as an expanding and evolving network of ideas, scholars and papers. Science of science explores the universal laws of universal or specific fields based on scientific structure and dynamics.

2. Progress

Science can be described as a complex, self-organizing and evolving network. It consists of scholars, papers and ideas. This method of describing the problem explains many potential models, for example, the study of cooperative networks and the study of citation networks explain the birth of new disciplines and the birth of major discoveries. The microscopic model tracks the dynamics of citation accumulation, which enables us to predict the influence of a single paper in the future.

Scientology reveals the choices and trade-offs that scientists face in expanding their careers and scientific horizons. For example, the analysis shows that scholars don’t like risks and prefer to study topics related to their current professional knowledge, which limits their potential for future discovery. Those who are willing to break this pattern will engage in higher-risk careers, but they are more likely to make major breakthroughs.

In a word, the most innovative science is based on the traditional combination of disciplines, but this combination is often unprecedented. Finally, with the shift of research work from individuals to teams, scientology pays more and more attention to the influence and significance of teams in scientific research. Some studies have found that revolutionary ideas are usually born in small teams. In contrast, large teams tend to advance research in frontier areas and gain high but usually short-term influence.

Step 3 look ahead

Scientology provides a quantitative understanding of the structural framework among scientists, research institutions and ideas. It helps to identify the basic mechanism behind scientific discovery. These interdisciplinary data-driven contents supplement the contents of scientometrics and related fields such as economics and sociology of science.

Although scientology is eager for long-term universal laws and mechanisms applicable to all scientific fields, it first needs to face the inevitable differences in culture, habits and preferences between different fields and countries. This change makes it difficult to understand some cross-disciplinary opinions and implement relevant scientific policies. The differences between scientific research problems and data are generally related to the field, which also implies that the research of science of science will change accordingly in the future because of "subject characteristics"

Densification of scientific boundaries is also a signal of interdisciplinary exploration, integration and innovation.

Second, the text

1. Summary

Identifying the driving force behind scientific development and constructing a model that can capture scientific development can guide people to design policies to promote scientific progress. For example, by strengthening the policy design of scientists’ career path, better scientific performance evaluation, more effective funding design, and even identifying the frontier research that will be born. Scientology uses large-scale data about scientific production to find the laws and patterns of universal and specific disciplines. Here, we review the latest development of the interdisciplinary field of science of science.

A large number of digital data about academic output provide an unprecedented opportunity for exploring the model to characterize the structure and evolution of science. Scientology puts the process of scientific development under a microscope and has a quantitative understanding of the origin of scientific discovery, creativity and practice. It can develop tools and policies to accelerate scientific progress.

The emergence of scientology is driven by two key factors.

The first is the availability of data. In addition to the proprietary Web of Science(WoS), it is the first citation index with a long history, and there are many data sources today (Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, US Patent and Trademark Office, etc.). Some of these sources are provided free of charge, covering millions of data points related to scientists and their achievements, which come from all walks of life, north and south.

Secondly, scientology benefited from the influx and cooperation of natural, computational and social scientists, who developed data-based tools to enable key tests to run on generative models, aiming at revealing the phenomena discovered by science, their internal mechanisms and driving forces.

One of the highlights of this emerging field is the process of breaking the boundaries of disciplines. Scientology integrates research findings and theories from multiple disciplines and uses a wide range of data and methods.

From scientometrics, I learned the methods of analyzing and measuring large-scale data sets. From sociology of science, it learned some theoretical concepts and social processes; From innovation research, it explores ways from scientific discovery to invention and economic change.

Science of science depends on the integration of a wide range of quantitative methods, from descriptive statistics and data visualization to advanced econometric methods, network science methods, machine learning algorithms, mathematical analysis and computer simulation, including agent-based modeling.

The value proposition of scientology is based on the assumption that with the in-depth understanding of the factors behind successful scientific breakthroughs, we can grasp the scientific research progress as a whole, so as to solve social problems more effectively.

2. A network of scientists, research institutions and ideas.

Contemporary science is a dynamic system driven by the complex interaction among social structure, knowledge representa-tions and the natural world. Scientific knowledge consists of concepts and relationships in research papers, books, patents, software and other artificial products in academic fields. These contents are classified into disciplines and broader fields according to distance and closeness. These social, conceptual and material elements are interrelated through formal and informal information, ideas, scientific research practices, tools and case information flows.

Therefore, science can be described as a complex, self-organized and developing multiscale network.

Early research found that the number of scientific documents accumulated exponentially with time (2), and the number of documents would double in an average of 15 years (Figure 1). However, don’t think that scientific ideas have multiplied with the number of documents. The technology and economy of the publishing industry have also improved with time, and the production efficiency of published articles has also improved. In addition, newly published articles in the field of science tend to gather in different knowledge fields (3).

Through large-scale text analysis, researchers use phrases extracted from titles and abstracts to measure the cognitive degree of scientific literature. They found that the scope of scientific concepts expanded linearly with time. In other words, although the number of published articles increases exponentially, the new concept is that it increases linearly with the passage of time, as shown in Figure 1. （4）

Figure 1 The growth of science. (a) Extract the relationship between the annual output of literature and time in WoS database. (b) The growth of new scientific discoveries covered by indexed documents in B)WoS. This is determined by counting the number of concepts in a fixed number of articles (4).

Words and phrases commonly used in article titles and abstracts spread through citation networks, forming a pattern, which will be replaced by new paradigms at some time (5). By applying the network science method to the citation network, researchers can identify the communities corresponding to the subsets of published articles that frequently quote each other (6). These communities usually correspond to groups of authors (7) who share a common position on specific issues or practitioners (8) who work on the same specialized scientific topics. Recently, an article focusing on biomedical science shows how the growth of publications has strengthened the "subject community" (9).

Once a new paper is published, the relationship between scientists, drugs, diseases and methods ("these things" are nodes in network analysis), that is, hyperedge in network analysis, will be updated and strengthened. Most newly established links are only one or two steps away from each other, which means that when scientists choose new research topics, they prefer to choose content directly related to the current professional knowledge or the professional knowledge of their collaborators. This densification shows that the existing scientific structure may limit people’s research content in the future.

Densification of scientific boundaries is also a signal of interdisciplinary exploration, integration and innovation.

The life cycle analysis of eight research fields (10) shows that successful fields have gone through the process of knowledge and social unification, which leads to a huge channel in the collaborative network (104), which can be compared with a large group of co-authors under normal conditions. The mathematical model in which a scientist random walks to choose a collaborator on the cooperative network successfully reproduces the productivity of the author, the number of authors in each discipline, and the interdisciplinary nature between the content of the paper and the author (11).

3. Selection of research questions

How do scientists decide which research problems to study? Scientific sociologists have long speculated that these choices are determined by the tense game between the risks of traditional research and innovation (12, 13). Scientists who adhere to the tradition of research in their fields will usually promote the research process of key topics by publishing a series of steady research results, thus appearing fruitful.

However, focusing too much on a topic may limit researchers’ ability to perceive and seize opportunities. These opportunities can find new ideas to promote the development of this field. For example, a case study on the relationship between biomedical scientists’ choice of new chemicals and existing chemicals shows that with the maturity of research field, researchers pay more and more attention to existing knowledge (3).

Although innovative articles often have a greater impact than conservative articles, high-risk and high-innovation strategies are rare, because extra rewards can’t make up for the risk of publishing failure. Awards and honors seem to be the main incentives to resist conservatism. They can break the tradition and give people new surprises. Although there are many factors that affect the work that scientists have to do, the macro-model of controlling the change of research interest in scientific undertakings is obviously traceable, and these laws are hidden in the career path of scientific research and scientists. （14）。

Scientists’ choice of research topics mainly affects their personal careers and the careers of those who depend on them. However, the decision-making of scientists sometimes plays a greater role in determining the direction of scientific discovery (Figure 2). Conservative research strategies mean that (15) personal career development has a stable and good prospect, but the promotion effect on the whole discipline is poor. This strategy is magnified by a phenomenon called file drawer problem (16): results inconsistent with established assumptions are rarely published, leading to systematic bias of published research. The untenable and false content is sometimes even regarded as a classic (17).

File drawer problem:

Refers to the researcher’s bias in selecting references, and the documents that do not meet the research purpose will stay in the drawer instead of taking them out for reference.

More bold hypotheses may have been tested by generations of scientists, but only those who are successful enough to produce articles can be known to us. One way to solve this conservative trap problem is to urge funding agencies to actively sponsor risk projects that test new hypotheses, so that special interest groups can undertake research on special diseases.

The results of quantitative analysis show that the distribution of biomedical resources in the United States is related to historical distribution and research, rather than to the severity of actual diseases (18), pointing out the systematic dislocation between biomedical needs and resources. This dislocation makes people wonder to what extent these funds run by scientists with solid habits can affect the development of science without additional supervision, encouragement and feedback.

4. Innovation

The analysis of articles and patents proves that the rare combination of scientific discovery and invention tends to get higher citation rate (3). Interdisciplinary research is a symbolic reorganization process (19); Therefore, the successful combination of historically irrelevant ideas and resources is very important for interdisciplinary research, which is often counterintuitive and leads to highly influential new ideas (20). However, the evidence from the fund application shows that when faced with truly novel (21-23) or interdisciplinary (24) research topics, the expert evaluation system usually gives lower scores.

Figure 2 Choose the experiment to accelerate collective discovery.

(a) A study measured the discovery efficiency of all new drugs published in MEDLINE in 2010. The model does not consider the difference in difficulty or cost of specific experiments. The efficiency diagram of this global scientific strategy reflects the relationship between the newly published new biochemical pathway (horizontal axis) and the average number of experiments (vertical axis). Correspondingly, the network diagram between drugs can be made. The researchers used all kinds of hypothetical strategy efficiency to compare with the actual situation, and found the optimal strategy of the best network with complete randomness and 50% and 100%. A lower value on the vertical axis indicates a more effective strategy, and the mode of new discovery is not optimal. The actual strategy is most suitable for discovering 13% of chemical networks, while the 50% optimized strategy is effective for discovering 50% of chemical networks, but both of them are not as good as the 100% best strategy for revealing the whole network.

(b) In reality, drug discovery networks can be plotted in the form of charts. The new connection born by this strategy is the research around some "important" and highly related chemicals, such as the hot spots in the picture, but the 100% efficient research strategy shows a more uniform discovery law and is unlikely to "follow the crowd" in the space of scientific possibility. （15）

The most influential scientific work mainly comes from the combination of conventional content, but it also comes from the unusual combination (25-27). This type of paper is twice as likely to get a high citation rate (26). In other words, the mixture of new and existing elements is the safest way to succeed in scientific progress.

5. Dynamics of scientists’ academic career

Under the broad market background of knowledge production and utilization, various academic professions have emerged (28). Therefore, scientific professional achievements are not only studied in terms of individual motivation and marginal productivity (relative gain and energy) (29), but also tested in terms of institutional motivation (30,31) and competition (32). It is necessary to combine large-scale metadata)(33) of individuals, geography and time with high content resolution to construct a career trajectory that can be analyzed from different angles. For example, a study found that funding schemes that tolerate early failures (rewarding long-term success) are more likely to produce influential published articles than funding for short-term review cycles (31).

Competitive interactive system with time scale is a classic problem in complex system science. The multi-angle nature of science is the driving force to generate a model, which can highlight the unexpected consequences of policies. For example, the career development model shows that short-term contracts are an important reason for productivity fluctuations, because it usually leads to the sudden end of a career.

The difference in productivity and career length can explain the difference in cooperation mode (38) and recruitment rate (35) between male and female scientists. On the other hand, experimental evidence shows that prejudice against women occurs in the early stage of career. When gender is randomly assigned in the resumes of a group of applicants, the recruitment committee systematically belittles the achievements of female candidates (40).

Up to now, most studies have focused on relatively small samples. Improving and compiling large-scale scientists’ data sets and using information from different sources (for example, publishing records, funding applications and awards) will help to understand the causes of inequality more deeply. Establish a motivation model that can provide information for policy solutions.

The mobility of scientists is another important factor in providing diversified career opportunities. Most researches on talent mobility focus on quantifying the inflow and outflow of talents in countries or regions (41,42), especially after policy changes. However, there is still little research on personal mobility and its career impact, mainly because it is difficult to obtain longitudinal information about scientists’ migration and the explanation of the reasons behind the mobility decision.

According to the number of articles cited, it is found that scientists who have left their country of origin perform better in the number of articles cited than those who have not left. This may stem from a choice preference: a good scholar (who has the ability to go abroad) can easily get a better position (a stronger team). （43，44）。 In addition, scientists tend to move between institutions with equal reputations (45). However, when quantifying the impact of job-hopping by citing, no increase or decrease in the system is found, even if the scientist moves to a relatively high or low-level institution (46). In other words, it is not the institution but the individual researchers who make up the institution that have an impact.

Another potential factor affecting career is reputation, and the dilemma it brings to the starting point of reviewing literature, evaluating proposals and making decisions. The reputation of the author, measured by the total citation of its previous output, can significantly increase the number of citations of the paper in the first few years after publication (47). However, after this initial stage, the impact depends on the scientific community’s acceptance of the work. This discovery and the work in citation (46) show that reputation is not the primary productive force for fruitful scientific undertakings, but hard work, talent and advancing despite difficulties are the driving factors.

A policy-related question is whether creativity and innovation are related to age or career stage. After decades of research on outstanding researchers and innovators, it is believed that the major breakthrough occurred in a relatively early stage of career, with a median age of 35 (48).

However, recent work shows that this tendency of fully recording early career discovery is completely explained by the tendency of productivity, which is very high in the early stage of a scientist’s career and then declines (49). In other words, there is no age pattern in innovation: the paper most cited by a scholar can be any of his or her papers, regardless of the age or career stage at the time of publication (Figure 3). The stochastic model describing the development of influence also shows that the breakthrough is produced by the combination of scientists’ ability and the selection of problems with high potential, intuition and luck (49).

Fig. 3 The influence of science of science on science profession

(a) Publication records of three Nobel Prize winners in physics. The horizontal axis represents the number of years after the winners first published their articles, each circle corresponds to a research paper, and the height c10 of the circle represents the influence of the paper, which means the number of citations after 10 years. The highest impact papers of the winners are indicated by orange circles.

(b) Histograms of papers with the highest impact in the sequence of papers by scientists, calculated for 10,000 scientists. The flatness of the histogram shows that in the sequence of papers published by scientists, the time when the most influential work appears may have the same probability (49).

6. Team research

In the past decades, the dependence of scientific research on teamwork has increased day by day, which represents a fundamental change in the way of scientific research. A study of authors of 19.9 million research papers and 2.1 million patents found an almost universal trend of teamwork in scientific research (50) (Figure 4). For example, in 1955, the scientific and engineering team wrote the same number of papers as a single author. However, by 2013, the proportion of papers written by teams increased to 90% (51).

Nowadays, papers written by scientific and engineering teams are 6.3 times more likely to get more than 1,000 citations, or more citations than individual papers. This phenomenon cannot be explained by self-citations (50,52). One possible reason is that the team can come up with more novel combinations of ideas (26) or produce resources that other researchers can use later (for example, genomics).

The data shows that the team is 38% more likely to combine the scientific breakthrough content into the familiar knowledge field than the individual author, which proves the premise that the team can combine different majors together, thus effectively promoting the scientific breakthrough. Having more collaboration means increasing the visibility among scholars through more co-authors, so they may introduce each other’s work into the internal network of scientific research, which means that each researcher should share his reputation with his colleagues (29).

Figure 4 Team size and impact

In the past century, the average team size has been steadily expanding. The red dotted line represents the average number of co-authors in all papers; The black curve considers the average team size of articles with more citations than the average in the field. The black curve is systematically above the red dotted line, which means that large teams are more likely to produce high-impact work than small teams. Each chart corresponds to a discipline category specified by WoS (a) science and engineering, (b) social science, and (c) arts and humanities.

On average, researchers from large teams can get more citations in various fields. Research shows that small teams tend to change science and technology with new ideas and opportunities, while large teams promote the existing research process (53). Therefore, it may be important to finance and train teams of all sizes to ease the bureaucracy of science (28).

At the same time, the team size is increasing at an average rate of 17% every ten years (50, 54, 105). This trend has changed because of the underlying structure of the team. Scientific teams include small, stable "core" teams and large teams, and dynamically expanding teams (55). The increasing team size in most fields is produced by the continuous expansion of dynamic expansion teams, which start with small core teams, but then attract new members through the original accumulation based on productivity. Scale is the key determinant of team survival strategy: if small teams maintain a stable core, they will survive for a longer time, but large teams can survive for a longer time by showing the mechanism of member mobility (56).

With the acceleration and complexity of science, the tools needed to expand the frontier of knowledge are increasing in scale and accuracy. For most individual investigators, research tools are too valuable, but so are most institutions. Academic cooperation has always been a key solution to this problem, so that resources can be more concentrated on scientific research.

The Large Hadron Collider at CERN is the largest and most powerful particle collider in the world. Its birth cannot be ignored by academic cooperation. More than 10,000 scientists and engineers from more than 100 countries participated in the establishment of this collision. However, with the increase of scale, the balance between value and risk related to "big science" comes into being (2). Although it can solve a bigger problem, the problem of scientific repeatability requires you to repeat the experiment, which may not be feasible in practice or economy.

Collaborators will have a great influence on science. According to recent research (57,58), a scientist who loses a star collaborator will experience a sharp drop in productivity, especially if the scattered collaborator is an ordinary researcher. The average number of citations of published articles with strong cooperators will increase by 17%, which shows the value of professional cooperation (59).

In view of the increasing number of authors in research papers, who should and does get the most reputation? The classic theory of the misallocation of reputation in science is Matthew effect (60), in which scientists of higher status who participated in cooperative work gained excessive reputation for their contributions. It is difficult to assign credibility to collaborative participants because individual contributions cannot be easily distinguished (61). However, it is possible to check the common patterns of co-author papers to determine the reputation assigned by each co-author in the group (62).

7. The dynamics behind the cited quantity

Academic citation is still the mainstream way to measure academic achievements in science. In view of the long-term dependence on mainstream citation standards (63-66), the dynamic law of citation accumulation has been verified by several generations of scholars. According to the pioneering research of Price(67), the distribution of citations in scientific papers is highly biased: many papers have never been cited, but pioneering papers can accumulate 10,000 or more citations. This uneven citation distribution is a powerful, natural and innovative attribute of scientific change. When papers are grouped by institutions, it also holds (68). And if the number of citations of a paper is divided by the average citations of the same year of the paper’s classmates, the score distribution obtained is basically the same for all disciplines (69, 70) (Figure 5A).

This means that the influence of papers published by different disciplines can be compared by looking at the relative references. For example, a mathematics paper with 100 citations has a higher academic influence than a microbiology paper with 300 citations.

Fig. 5 universality of citation dynamics

(a) If the citation frequency c of each paper is divided by the average citation frequency c0 of all papers in this discipline, then the citation distribution of papers published in the same discipline and year is basically uniform in all disciplines. The dotted line is a lognormal fitting curve. （69）

(b) The citation history of four papers published in "Physical Review" in B)1964, according to its unique dynamic selection, shows "jumping decay" mode (blue), peak delay (purple), stable citation number mode (green) and rising citation index (red). (c) The citation of a single paper is determined by three parameters: fitness λ, immediacy μ, and longevity σ. The citation of each paper in (b) is readjusted by appropriate (λ, μ, σ) parameters, and the four papers are merged into a general function, which is the same for all disciplines. （77）

The tail information of distribution can capture the number of high-impact papers and reveal the mechanism that drives the accumulation of citation numbers. Recent analysis shows that it follows the power law distribution (71-73). The tail of power law can be generated by the process of accumulating advantages (74), which is called preferential attachment)(75) in network science, indicating that the probability of citing papers increases with the increase of the number of citations it has accumulated.

Such a model can be used together with other characteristics of citation dynamics, such as the obsolescence of knowledge, to enhance the descriptive nature of the model. The number of articles cited decreases with time (76, 79, 106), or a fitness parameter can be used to correspond to the attraction of each paper to the scientific community (77,78). Only a small number of papers can’t be described by the above hypothesis, and they are called "Sleeping Beauty" because they were ignored for a period of time after publication, but after a period of time, they suddenly received a lot of attention and quotations (80,81).

The above formation mechanism can be used to predict the citation dynamics of a single paper. A prediction model (77) assumes that the citation probability of a paper depends on the number of previous citations, and the number of citations of this article can be predicted by considering the obsolescence factor and fitness parameter of each article (Figure 5, B, C). The long-term impact of a scientific research work can be inferred (77). Other studies have identified predictive indicators related to paper impact factors (82), such as journal impact factors (72). Some studies show that a scientist’s h-index(83) can be accurately predicted (84). Although if the career stage of scientists and the accumulation and non-decline of h- index are taken into account, the prediction accuracy will be reduced (85).

Behind eliminating the inconsistency of quantitative evaluation indicators and commonly used statistical data in science, the internal mechanism of generating these data is a very important mechanism in scientific research.

8. Outlook

Although scientific research does have its universality, the differences in substantive subject background in culture, habits and preferences make it difficult to understand some cross-disciplinary opinions in some fields, and the corresponding policies are difficult to implement. The differences between the questions, data and skills required by each discipline indicate that further insights can be obtained from scientific research in specific fields. These research simulations and predictions are adapted to the needs and opportunities in each subject area. For young scientists, the research results of scientology provide effective insights from past scientific research and help guide them to foresee the future (Box1).

Box1: Lessons from Science of Science

Innovation and tradition: pure, truly innovative and highly interdisciplinary ideas may not reach the scientific influence they can achieve. In order to enhance its influence, new ideas should be published in the existing academic environment (26).

Persistence: As long as the research status is maintained, there will never be a case that a scientist is "too old" to make a major discovery (49).

Cooperation: Now the research mode is shifting to teams, so it is beneficial to participate in cooperation. The works of small teams are often more subversive, while those strong teams often have more resources to do more influential big work (4,50,53).

Reputation: Most reputations will belong to co-authors who have consistently worked in the field of literature publishing (62).

Funding: Although the judging panel promises to support innovation, they are actually more inclined to ignore innovation. Funding agencies should ask reviewers to evaluate innovation, not just the success they expected in their minds (24).

The contribution of science of science of science of science of science is that it begins to understand the relationship structure among scientists, institutions and ideas in detail, which is the key starting point to identify the operating mechanism behind it. In a word, these data-driven works supplement the contents lacking in related research fields, such as economics (30) and sociology of science (60,86).

Causal estimation is a typical example in economics. Econometrics research will collect and use comprehensive data sources to simulate the needs (31,42). Evaluating causality is one of the most needed future developments of science of science: many descriptive studies have revealed the strong correlation between scientific research structure and successful results, but the degree to which a specific structure "leads" to the results has not been explored-we don’t know the causality behind the correlation.

By establishing closer cooperation with researchers, scientology will be able to better identify the connections found from models and large-scale data, which have the potential to promote the birth of relevant policies. But the experiment of scientology may be the biggest challenge that scientology has not yet faced. Running randomized controlled trials will change the research process of individuals or scientific institutions supported by taxes, and such a high cost will inevitably lead to criticism and obstacles (87).

Therefore, in the near future, quasi-experimental approaches will be dominant in scientific investigation.

Most scientific research takes scientific research literature as the main data source, which means that the research objects of this discipline are those successful cases. However, most scientific research has failed, sometimes even a huge failure. In view of the fact that scientists fail more than they succeed, it is very important to understand when, where, why and how ideas fail. These studies can provide meaningful guidance for the recurring crisis and help us solve the file drawer problem. By revealing creative activities, these studies can also greatly promote the interpretation of human creativity.

Similar to the economic system, the scientific system is an economic system that uses one-dimensional "currency" quotations. This implies that classes also exist in the scientific research system, in which "the richer the rich" inhibits the spread of new ideas, especially those new scientists and those who do not conform to the traditional identity in a specific field.

The scientific system can be improved by expanding the number and scope of performance indicators. In this regard, it is very important to develop alternative indicators to measure the metrics covering web )(88), social media (89) activity and social impact (90). Other measurable dimensions include information (such as data) shared by scientists and competitors (91), the help they provide to their peers (92), and their reliability as peer reviewers (93).

However, due to the need for a large number of indicators, more work needs to be done to understand the role of each indicator and what it does not capture, so as to ensure meaningful interpretation and avoid abuse. Science of science can make various contributions by providing models, which can deeply understand the coverage of scientific performance indicators and the mechanism behind them. For example, the empirical model observed when using alternative indicators (for example, the distribution of document downloads) will enable us to explore their relationship with the measurement system based on the number of citations (94) and identify black-box operations.

Combining the index based on the number of citations with other indexes will promote the diversified development of scientific research and realize the division of scientific research productivity, so scientists can achieve achievements in different ways. Science is an ecosystem, which needs not only publication, but also disseminators, teachers and experts who pay attention to details. We need people who can ask novel and innovative questions and who can answer them. If curiosity, creativity and knowledge can be effectively exchanged-especially information about the application and social impact of science and technology-more diversified methods can reduce duplication and science can flourish (95).

One problem that science of science tries to solve is the allocation of scientific funds. The current peer review system is biased and contradictory (96). Several alternatives have been proposed, such as random allocation of funds (97), professionals-oriented funds (31) that do not involve proposal and review system, review mechanism (98) that is open to online people, review mechanism (99) that removes reviewers’ performance, and scientist crowdfunding (100) funds.

A key field of future research of SciSci is the integration with machine learning and artificial intelligence, so that objective machines can work with human beings. These new tools will have a pleasant far-reaching, because machines may broaden the horizons of scientists more than human collaborators. For example, self-driving vehicle is a machine learning technology, which is a successful combination of known driving technology and unknown driving habit information. The study of mind-machine partnership has provided a wide range of positive effects on decision-making in a wide range of fields such as health, economy, society and law (101-103). How to improve science through the relationship between machine and mind, and how to arrange it to make scientific development more effective? These questions help us to understand the future science.

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Compilation: Translation Group of Jizhi Club

Source: science

Original title: science of science

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https://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6379/eaao0185

Original title: "A Summary of Science Long Articles: What is Science of Science | New Year Special"

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