On March 14th, under the epidemic prevention and control, middle school students in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province ushered in the 100-day countdown to the senior high school entrance examination. The picture shows the 100-day countdown oath in the third grade of Suzhou High-tech Zone Experimental Junior High School. Photo courtesy of vision china

　　The topic of "general-vocational separation" has gone out of the circle, and it has also become one of the hot topics on education at the National People’s Congress this year.

　　China’s high school education began with the central government’s decision to deepen the reform of the education system in 1985. For decades, this policy has played an important role in popularizing high school education in China, establishing and perfecting the vocational education system and cultivating high-quality skilled workers.

　　However, due to the development of the times, economic transformation, social change and the development of education itself, the policy of "general-vocational separation", which has roughly the same enrollment ratio between ordinary high schools and vocational high schools in China, has been more and more severely challenged. Adjusting and perfecting this policy in time has become a major choice that our public education policy has to make.

　　In this year’s government work report, it is clearly pointed out that "improving the conditions for running vocational education and perfecting the system of running schools with integration of production and education" has put forward new requirements for vocational education.

　　In view of the problem of "general-vocational diversion", some deputies believe that the "general-vocational diversion" model of high school education is facing increasingly severe challenges. They suggested that the "separation of general education and vocational education" should not be roughly equal, but should strengthen publicity and guidance, enhance the acceptance and recognition of vocational education in society, actively explore a new development model of "integration of general education and vocational education", establish and improve the college entrance examination system for vocational education, and accelerate the development of vocational education at the undergraduate level.

　　"Separation of General Education from Vocational Education" cannot evolve into elimination education.

　　Speaking of the challenges faced by the policy of "separating general education from vocational education", Zhang Zhiyong, deputy to the National People’s Congress, director of the Central Education Committee of the Democratic Progressive Party and executive director of the China Institute of Education Policy of Beijing Normal University, said that after investigation, it was found that the policy of "separating general education from vocational education" in senior high school has become one of the important reasons for parents’ educational anxiety. "In the eyes of some parents, ‘ General-vocational diversion ’ The policy has led to the further downward pressure of competition for further studies to junior high schools and even primary schools. "

　　To this end, Zhang Zhiyong provided a set of data. According to a survey conducted by China Institute of Education and Social Development of Beijing Normal University, 30.2% of parents don’t want their children to attend vocational schools.

　　In the survey, Hu Wei, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and deputy director of the Science and Technology Education Committee of the Shanghai Municipal Political Consultative Conference, also felt the anxiety of his parents.

　　He learned that "general-vocational diversion" was considered by many parents to be that children were "eliminated" to secondary vocational schools during the senior high school entrance examination, which made parents full of "general-vocational diversion panic". "This has intensified the competition for the senior high school entrance examination and seriously affected the compulsory education stage ‘ Double subtraction ’ The implementation of the goal. "

　　Zhang Zhiyong found in the survey that the people’s recognition of secondary vocational education is generally not high. Many parents have a strong "stereotype" about secondary vocational education. They think that compared with ordinary high schools, vocational schools often face problems such as small school scale, low investment and weak "double-qualified" teachers, which affect the quality of running vocational schools.

　　He said that parents’ recognition of the learning atmosphere, children’s growth environment and future prospects in vocational schools is low, and they think that attending vocational schools is a last resort to learn "underachievers" and "underachievers", and it is a kind of elimination education that ordinary high schools do not want.

　　Not only are parents’ recognition of vocational schools not high, but Hu Wei also found that because the "general-vocational diversion" has evolved into elimination education, the recognition of teachers and students in many secondary vocational schools is decreasing day by day, which directly affects the quality of running secondary vocational schools.

　　Hu Wei provided a set of data: 5,824,300 students enrolled in secondary vocational education in 2017 and 4,848,700 graduates in 2020. "This means that nearly 1 million secondary vocational students have not successfully completed their studies."

　　Through investigation, he found that fewer and fewer students entered the job market directly after graduation from secondary vocational schools. Over the years, the proportion of graduates from secondary vocational schools in China has been around half, and even exceeded 80% in some areas.

　　Zhang Zhiyong said that some parents think that the policy of "separating general education from vocational education" in high school deprives their children of the right to receive ordinary high schools equally. Junior high school students are young and immature, and their psychological tolerance for being eliminated from ordinary high school education is limited. Premature diversion will seriously undermine students’ self-confidence and is not conducive to healthy physical and mental growth. "After compulsory education, it is generally quite compulsory according to the ratio of general to post ‘ General post ’ Diversion limits the right of some children to receive ordinary high school education, which is unfair to these children. "

　　In fact, the current secondary vocational education has shifted from employment education to further education. "This has deviated from the orientation of employment-oriented vocational education."

　　Zhang Zhiyong also believes that economic and social development has put forward higher requirements for the quality of skilled talents. For economically developed areas, the development focus of secondary vocational education is no longer the expansion of scale, but the improvement of quality and the upward shift of levels. If we stick to the policy of "general-vocational separation" in senior high school for a long time, it will seriously restrict the rapid improvement of human resources development level in developed areas.

　　At the same time, Hu Wei said that from the perspective of China’s industrial development, the gap rate of skilled talents will reach 48% by 2025, and the gap of technical blue-collar workers will be as high as 30 million. Therefore, we must attach importance to the development of vocational education.

　　"It should be emphasized that under the background of popularization of higher education, the technical blue-collar workers needed by society are no longer skilled workers with only secondary vocational education, but basically those with higher vocational education or above." Hu Wei said that at this stage, it is not as meaningful as before to adopt the mode of "separating general education from vocational education" to specialize in secondary vocational education.

　　It is an inevitable choice to switch from "after junior high school" to "after high school"

　　Zhang Zhiyong told the reporter of China Youth Daily and China Youth Network that adjusting and perfecting China’s policy of "separating general education from vocational education" has become a major educational public policy issue that all sectors of society have called for and paid attention to.

　　Zhang Zhiyong suggested that parents’ choice between general education and vocational education should be respected. All localities should proceed from the needs of education and economic and social development and the people’s acceptance of vocational education, and do not engage in "one size fits all" in the enrollment ratio of ordinary high schools and vocational high schools.

　　It is necessary to incorporate the integration of production and education into the overall plan of economic and social development, accelerate the reform of vocational education, vigorously promote order training, deepen school-enterprise cooperation and integration of production and education, improve the level of running vocational education, and enhance the attractiveness of vocational education.

　　At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen publicity and guidance, reverse the stereotype of vocational education in society, and enhance the acceptance and recognition of vocational education in society.

　　"Actively support the implementation of intra-school diversion in ordinary high school education and explore the cooperation between senior three and higher vocational colleges." Zhang Zhiyong said, after high school students finished their compulsory courses in Grade Two and passed the college entrance examination, they met the academic requirements for graduating from high school. For those students who have difficulties in entering undergraduate colleges and universities to receive higher education, they can explore the cooperation between Grade Three and higher vocational colleges on the basis of the principle of voluntary participation of students and parents. In addition to professional basic cultural education, professional basic courses and vocational and technical courses should be offered with the support of higher vocational colleges.

　　With the continuous development of China’s economy and society, under the background of the transformation of manufacturing industry to high-end, the market has higher and higher requirements for the training level of technical talents, and it is an inevitable choice to shift from "after junior high school" to "after high school".

　　Zhang Zhiyong suggested that the focus of "general-vocational separation" should be shifted up gradually, and vocational education in higher education should be regarded as the main supplier of technical and skilled personnel. The state can try it first in areas where conditions permit, and then promote it nationwide when conditions are ripe.

　　Hu Wei believes that it is necessary to actively explore a new development model of "integration of general education and vocational education", gradually build more high schools into comprehensive high schools on the basis of pilot projects, and at the same time offer general high courses and skills courses in each high school, and explore the development of characteristic comprehensive high schools with special skills training as the main focus.

　　"Doing so will help to achieve mutual penetration and deep integration between general education and vocational education, greatly enrich the curriculum resources of senior high schools, and expand students’ choice of senior high schools, thus making ‘ Five educations at the same time ’ Mention a higher level. " He said.

　　He suggested that the credit system teaching in comprehensive high schools should be gradually implemented. In all kinds of comprehensive high schools, students can be required to take credits for general academic courses and skills courses, and at the same time, students are allowed to choose other general academic courses and skills courses according to their destination after graduation from high school.

　　"High school students can directly apply for higher vocational education institutions with skills course credits, and are exempted from taking corresponding course credits." On this basis, he said, in the future, the requirement of "general-vocational equivalence" for students in high schools can be changed to require comprehensive high schools to offer general academic courses and skills courses in roughly equal proportions.

　　Hu Wei suggested that the college entrance examination system for vocational education should be established and improved. While promoting the integration of general education and vocational education in senior high schools, colleges and universities should promote the enrollment of skilled talents through the college entrance examination for vocational education, and build the college entrance examination for vocational education into a college entrance examination type equal to the general college entrance examination, so as to fully expand the choice of the educated. "It is particularly important that the vocational college entrance examination should pay more attention to process evaluation and value-added evaluation, and establish and improve a multi-evaluation system."

　　In addition, he also believes that it is necessary to steadily promote the merger and reorganization of ordinary high schools and secondary vocational schools, encourage and support qualified areas (such as Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang) to try first, promote the merger and reorganization of existing ordinary high schools and secondary vocational schools, and accelerate the development of new comprehensive high schools. On the basis of promoting the balanced development of comprehensive high schools in various places, the relevant state departments have created conditions to bring high school education into compulsory education, and gradually abolished the senior high school entrance examination system and the "separation of general education and vocational education" mode, so as to realize the integrated development of general education and vocational education, thus improving the people’s sense of acquisition, happiness and security in educational services.

　　In recent years, the Democratic Progressive Party Central Committee has also paid great attention to the problem of "general and vocational diversion". In this year’s proposal, the Democratic Progressive Party Central Committee suggested that the difference between general and vocational education should be diluted, the concept of diversion should be blurred, and the multi-type development of high school education should be shifted from "two-track diversion of general and vocational education" to open up the conversion channel between general education and vocational education.

　　The Central Committee of the Democratic Progressive Party suggests that vocational application courses can be set up in addition to ordinary high school courses, and corresponding curriculum standards, graduation requirements and examination systems can be formulated to provide all students in high school with opportunities to study ordinary courses and vocational skills courses, so that students can choose courses according to their own interests.

　　On this basis, the talent training mode of mutual selection of courses, mutual recognition of credits, mutual transfer of student status and two-way flow between secondary vocational schools and ordinary high schools is realized, so that students can adjust and switch between secondary vocational schools and ordinary high schools in time. The DPP Central Committee encourages ordinary colleges and universities to incorporate vocational application courses into their enrollment requirements. In this way, we can comprehensively improve the scientific knowledge level and basic vocational skills of senior high school graduates in China.

　　The DPP Central Committee also suggested that vocational education should improve the rising channel, expand the enrollment ratio of vocational undergraduate education in national undergraduate education, and greatly increase the enrollment index of secondary vocational students in undergraduate higher education, especially in application-oriented undergraduate colleges.

　　Zhongqingbao Zhongqingwang reporter Li Huaxi Source: China Youth Daily

　　In 2023, the Central Financial Work Conference proposed that "five major articles" on technology and finance, green finance, inclusive finance, pension finance and digital finance should be done well. In January, 2024, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader proposed at the opening ceremony of the special seminar for leading cadres at the provincial and ministerial levels to promote high-quality financial development that we should establish and improve an independent, controllable, safe and efficient financial infrastructure system. In recent years, under the wave of digitalization and the rapid development of digital currency, the major financial infrastructures at home and abroad are actively trying to provide digital securities services by using blockchain technology to promote the digital development of financial markets. At present, China’s financial infrastructure exploration has been ahead of the international peers and has the level of international dialogue. In the next step, on the basis of previous exploration, we can further deepen the application, promote the high-quality development of finance and accelerate the construction of a financial power.

　　The necessity of exploring the application of blockchain in financial infrastructure

　　Exploring the application of blockchain can accelerate the digital transformation of financial infrastructure, meet the diversified needs of the market, compete for the right to speak internationally, and better safeguard financial security.

　　(1) Explore the path of digital transformation. Blockchain application is generally considered as a feasible way to promote the development of digital assets. It is a new way to promote the digital transformation of the financial market to explore the blockchain digital bond business and market institutions to build a blockchain system.

　　(2) Providing diversified market services. Compared with commercial institutions trying to build their own blockchain system, financial infrastructure provides a public platform for blockchain digital bonds, which is conducive to giving full play to professional advantages, meeting market diversification needs and saving market operating costs.

　　Iii. Improve the efficiency of cross-border bond business. In addition to free trade zone bonds, other offshore bond businesses have problems of self-issuance and multi-level custody. The financial infrastructure provides a public blockchain digital bond service platform, which can reduce the risk of self-issuance by market institutions, shorten the cross-border settlement cycle of overseas investors and improve business efficiency.

　　(4) Enhance international influence and voice. At present, major international financial infrastructures are actively exploring the application of blockchain technology and trying to carry out securities trading settlement business on the blockchain. China’s financial infrastructure can have equal rights in international dialogue and participate in potential international cooperation only if it has the corresponding supporting capacity through exploration and practice.

　　(5) Better safeguarding financial security. The application of blockchain technology can enhance the penetration of market information, strengthen penetration supervision and maintain financial security. Exploring blockchain digital bonds in financial infrastructure can make a good technical reserve for digital currency to apply to the bond market and enhance the autonomous and controllable ability of cross-border settlement system.

　　Practice of exploring the application of blockchain in China’s financial infrastructure

　　(1) Mainland China. China’s financial infrastructure, represented by the Central Clearing Company, began to explore and study blockchain technology in 2018, and is committed to providing safer, more efficient and diversified services to the market. Blockchain technology has been applied to credit asset circulation, corporate bond acceptance review and digital bond issuance.

　　In 2020, Yindeng Credit Assets Blockchain Platform uses the technical characteristics of blockchain technology, such as information traceability, information storage and multi-point collaboration, to meet the requirements of business development for asset penetration registration. By building a blockchain platform for credit assets, the scope of sharing effective information has been expanded, and mutual trust between banks has been further enhanced. Based on the characteristics of blockchain technology, such as tamper-proof, openness, transparency, safety and reliability, the enterprise bond blockchain platform realizes document storage and information traceability in all links, strengthens market credibility, and creates an open, transparent, digital and intelligent enterprise bond service platform for regulatory authorities and market institutions.

　　In 2021, the Central Clearing Company explored the use of blockchain to support the bond issuance business, formed a blockchain digital bond issuance business plan and system prototype, and used the technical advantages of blockchain encryption algorithm, privacy protection, identity recognition, smart contract, etc. to improve the transparency and efficiency of bond issuance business and help strengthen penetration supervision.

　　At the beginning of 2022, 16 ministries and commissions jointly issued a document, listing the Central Clearing Company as a national blockchain innovation application pilot. In November of the same year, the Central Clearing Company launched the first self-controlled blockchain digital bond issuance public platform in China. The platform adopts alliance chain, implements centralized management, and co-builds and co-governs with market institutions; Independently developed in technology, it supports full-node, light-node and nodeless access, and supports inter-operation such as up-chain, down-chain, isomorphic chain and heterogeneous chain. Functionally support the whole process of bond issuance. By the end of 2023, it has successfully supported the issuance of bonds with a scale of 84.54 billion yuan, including financial bonds, corporate bonds and free trade zone bonds. The systematic application has filled the gap in domestic financial infrastructure supporting the issuance of offshore bonds and played an important role in promoting the integration and development of digital economy and real economy. And two representative institutions have realized cross-chain application and have the ability to support supervision; In the exploration and practice, the China Securities Clearing Corporation has summarized and formed two enterprise standards, namely, the China Bond Blockchain Digital Bond Issuance Platform Specification and the China Bond Blockchain Digital Bond Issuance Platform Interface Specification, one of which is the first standard in the field of blockchain digital bonds, realizing the replication and popularization of excellent experiences and practices; We have carried out research on issues such as blockchain supporting bond life cycle business and digital currency settlement of digital bonds.

　　(2) Hong Kong, China. Hong Kong is also actively exploring the blockchain digital bond business. In 2021, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority and the Bank for International Settlements cooperated to explore the innovative application of blockchain and carry out the simulation test of tokenized green bonds. In 2022, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority explored the use of blockchain technology to realize DVP settlement of bond tokens and cash tokens.

　　In 2023, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority supported the Hong Kong SAR Government to issue token-based green bonds, which was the first batch of token-based green bonds issued by the government in the world. After the issuance of token bonds, explore the use of blockchain to support secondary market trading and interest payment services. In August of the same year, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority issued a report entitled "Tokenization of the Hong Kong Bond Market", proposing to popularize the issuance of bonds in token form and promote their wide application.

　　Related Practice of Exploring Blockchain in Financial Infrastructure in Other Countries

　　(1) the United States. In 2020, the American Securities Depository and Clearing Corporation applied blockchain technology to verify the token stock business. The underlying platform of blockchain adopted private chain, which was jointly developed by several market institutions and technology companies, and was mainly used to verify the feasibility of blockchain technology supporting stock issuance, clearing and settlement. The token stock platform is parallel to the traditional stock settlement platform, using parallel account book mode, with the aim of providing users with diversified choices. Trading orders are initiated by market participants through customer nodes, processed on the token stock platform, and then transmitted to the traditional business system for settlement. Trading funds are in traditional currency, and trading records are subject to the traditional business system.

　　(2) Europe. 1. European Bank for Clearing. In 2021, the European Bank for Settlement led the joint market institutions to simulate and verify the use of the central bank digital currency to settle French government bonds in the blockchain. The underlying platform is a private chain, and the test scope includes bond issuance, transaction settlement, repurchase and interest payment. DVP settlement instruction is realized through the exchange of currency pass and securities pass. After the currency pass is issued, it is transferred to the wallets of participating members for settlement of securities transactions in the primary and secondary markets. Experiments show that DVP settlement based on the general card mode is as effective as the account-based mode.

　　2. Mingxun Bank. In order to cooperate with the German Digital Securities Law and support the digitalization of bonds, Mingxun Bank launched the blockchain digital bond platform plan, which is intended to cover the complete value chain of bonds, including issuance, custody, settlement and asset services. The platform includes four modules: one is the digital bond issuance module; The second is the central registration and custody module based on private chain; The third is the "decentralization" service module of private equity securities based on public chain, which has not been launched yet; The fourth is the information transmission channel module. In December, 2022, Germany’s Fuxing Credit Bank issued the first digital bond since the promulgation of the German Digital Securities Law through the platform of Mingxun Bank.

　　3. Swiss Exchange. The Swiss Exchange, in conjunction with the Swiss National Bank and the Bank for International Settlements, explores the use of different types of central bank currencies to settle digital securities on the blockchain platform. Swiss exchanges use both digital currency and traditional currencies for settlement tests. When digital currency is used for settlement, the securities buyer converts the traditional currency into digital currency, and after settlement, digital currency directly transfers it to the traditional currency account of the digital securities seller. When traditional currency is used for settlement, the blockchain securities settlement platform is interconnected with the Swiss central bank’s large payment system, that is, the large payment system is triggered after the chain securities are locked successfully, and the funds are transferred in the large payment system. After the transfer of funds is completed, the blockchain platform is triggered to transfer the securities from the seller to the buyer.

　　(3) Singapore. In 2016, the Monetary Authority of Singapore explored the use of blockchain for inter-bank market payment and securities clearing and settlement, and explored the DVP settlement of government bonds and Singapore dollars on the blockchain. Government bonds are digital securities, which are in a different chain from digital currency. Digital securities and digital currency are settled separately in two account books. In 2022, the Monetary Authority of Singapore established a pool of liquid assets on Ethereum, including digital Singapore government bonds, Japanese government bonds, Japanese yen and Singapore dollar, and conducted a simulation experiment on the real-time exchange of certified Japanese yen and Singapore dollar and the settlement of certified government bond transactions.

　　(4) Transnational cooperation. 1. Cooperation between European and Japanese central banks. In 2016, the European Central Bank and the Bank of Japan explored the simulation verification of blockchain technology in securities settlement business, and proposed two settlement modes. First, the settlement is made in the same account book, and the securities and funds are recorded in the same account book. Both parties to the transaction directly use encrypted signatures for transaction processing, and the transaction instructions are verified and confirmed through the consensus mechanism, and the transaction results are written into the account book. Second, different account books are used for settlement, securities and funds are recorded in different account books, and both parties to the transaction realize the information interaction between the two account books through digital signature and hash time locking contract. Hash time lock contract is used to ensure that the securities and funds are returned to the original holder if the necessary processes are not completed within the predetermined time. Comparatively speaking, the business risk under the same account book mode is relatively small.

　　2. Cooperation of Swiss-French Central Bank. In 2021, the Swiss National Bank, the French Central Bank and the Bank for International Settlements jointly launched a simulation test of digital currency settlement digital securities, aiming at using digital Swiss francs and digital euros to settle financial instruments such as stocks or bonds on the blockchain. The contents of the simulation test include: the issuance and redemption of the wholesale central bank digital currency; Issuing and redeeming securities on the traditional business platform, and mapping on the digital exchange platform under the Swiss Exchange; Realize DVP settlement of digital securities on the platform of digital exchange; PVP settlement between different digital currency is realized on the platform of digital exchange.

　　International comparison and enlightenment

　　(1) Comparative conclusion. Comparatively speaking, China’s financial infrastructure-related practices are ahead of international peers in business, technology, management and standards.

　　In terms of business, China has realized production application and value winding. The construction of China’s blockchain digital bond system does not change the business rules, making the application of new technologies compatible with the regulatory business rules; Participants and supporting bonds are rich, including state-owned commercial banks, joint-stock banks, city commercial banks and enterprises. The supported bonds cover corporate bonds, ordinary financial bonds, special financial bonds and free trade zone bonds, and the scale of bond issuance supported is higher than that of international peers.

　　In terms of technology, China adopts alliance chain design and self-built platform, and the technology is controllable. The construction of China’s blockchain digital bond system can support multiple access modes, reducing the participation cost of market institutions; Through cross-chain docking, the interaction efficiency of business data is improved; Outside the financial infrastructure, multiple full nodes are deployed to record multiple full account books, which enhances the robustness of the system; Independent research and development of data privacy protection function, centralized management consensus mechanism and separated access control have improved the security of the system.

　　In terms of management, the system operation is co-constructed and co-managed under centralized management. The alliance chain does not change the legal central confirmation attribute of financial infrastructure and the management authority of members’ access, but it efficiently realizes the formation of consensus in business processes through smart contracts. On the premise of observing alliance governance, market institutions carry out business innovation and provide useful feedback and cooperative supervision.

　　In terms of standards, two standards in the field of digital bonds have been issued, which have the basis for participating in the formulation of international rules. In the standard content, the digital bond is defined for the first time, the alliance governance standard of centralized management is put forward, the technical requirements and performance requirements of system construction are clarified, and the data standards of interaction between different systems are clarified. Promote business development through standard construction.

　　(2) Relevant enlightenment. First, both traditional currency and digital currency can support digital securities settlement business. When the traditional currency is used for settlement, the blockchain system and the traditional payment system are directly or indirectly docked, and the direct docking realizes value exchange, while the indirect docking only transmits capital information; When digital currency is used for settlement, the blockchain system and digital currency system are directly connected to realize value exchange.

　　Second, the operation of blockchain digital securities still needs centralized management. The system construction, intelligent contract writing, technological innovation, alliance governance, market cultivation, risk monitoring and conflict resolution of blockchain digital securities are inseparable from centralized management. In the process of business operation, centralized management helps to ensure the stable, standardized and efficient operation of business, is an important prerequisite for effective co-construction and co-governance, and can also reasonably weigh the privacy protection requirements of participants and transparent information sharing, which is an intensive and efficient model.

　　Third, blockchain digital securities services should be provided by financial infrastructure. Some market-oriented institutions in the world have established a blockchain digital securities service platform, and they cannot provide registration and custody services because they do not have financial infrastructure qualifications. After the issuance of securities, it is still necessary to register with the financial infrastructure institutions for custody. From the legal point of view, only financial infrastructure can provide the full life cycle service of digital securities.

　　Fourth, financial infrastructure has significant advantages in providing related services. Compared with ordinary commercial institutions, the blockchain digital securities system established by financial infrastructure has public attributes and more economies of scale; Providing centralized and unified registration and custody services for the market can avoid fragmented development; Rich experience in securities services, more professional; Not for profit, it participates in market construction as an independent third party, with high credibility and advantages in risk monitoring and dispute resolution.

　　Fifth, the blockchain system can be integrated with traditional business systems. The international financial infrastructure is actively exploring the application of blockchain technology in the areas of securities issuance and settlement. Many countries have proved that it is feasible for blockchain to support securities business, and blockchain systems can be effectively docked and integrated with traditional systems. In addition, innovative business functions can be explored in the blockchain system to provide a useful supplement to the traditional system.

　　Thoughts on deepening the application of blockchain in financial infrastructure

　　At present, the exploration of China’s financial infrastructure in the field of blockchain digital bonds has achieved initial results, but the blockchain system is still relatively independent, and the application business scenarios need to be enriched. In the future, we can further expand business scenarios, promote system interconnection and deepen exploration and application.

　　(1) Promote the docking between the blockchain system and the payment system. The digital bond system based on blockchain technology can be interconnected by systems such as cross-chain, on-chain and off-chain interoperability, and is compatible with traditional monetary payment methods and digital currency payment methods. From the existing practical experience, blockchain digital bonds can be settled in digital currency or in traditional currency. Comparatively speaking, using digital currency for settlement is more efficient. Next, we can consider expanding the application scenario of digital RMB to the field of digital bonds, and explore the use of digital currency to settle digital bonds under the regulatory framework.

　　(2) Realize the interoperability between the blockchain system and the traditional business system. In the early stage of the development of blockchain digital bonds, it is necessary to import the account information of market institutions from the traditional system into the blockchain system to support the development of digital bond business, and also to import the bond registration information of the blockchain system into the traditional business system to ensure the integrity of business data and support business statistics and supervision. In the future, the business operation and monitoring of the bond market will still be dominated by traditional business systems, with the blockchain digital bond system as an important supplement. Therefore, the blockchain digital bond system should realize interoperability with traditional business systems and maintain the vitality and vitality of sustainable development.

　　(3) Take the blockchain system as a test carrier for innovative business. The high-quality development of the bond market is inseparable from the exploration of innovative business. In order to maintain the security and stability of the traditional business system, innovative, exploratory and uncertain businesses can be tried first on the blockchain digital bond system. Blockchain system is a natural high-quality experimental field. On the one hand, under the distributed accounting mode, full account books can be deployed at multiple nodes, which makes it easy to recover data when the system is unstable. On the other hand, the blockchain system and market institutions discuss and build together, which naturally forms an alliance for joint exploration of innovative businesses.

　　(4) Take the blockchain system as an important backup of the traditional business system. Blockchain system provides more choices for ensuring business continuity. In extreme cases, when the traditional bond business system is unstable or temporarily unavailable, the blockchain digital bond system can be used as a backup system to ensure uninterrupted business. Blockchain system and traditional business system complement each other and develop together, which can better maintain the safe and stable operation of the bond market.

　　(5) Explore the integrated bookkeeping system of "pass card+account". Traditional bonds adopt an account system, with customers as the basic unit, and establish a corresponding relationship between relevant bond elements and holders. Blockchain digital bonds adopt a pass system, with a pass as the basic unit, and relevant records are encrypted and cannot be tampered with. The account system is more efficient in query, and the general certificate system has more advantages in information transparency and tamper prevention. Blockchain digital bonds can consider merging two bookkeeping modes, adopting a pass system for bookkeeping within the blockchain system and setting up an account system in the user inquiry function.

　　(VI) Promoting the unified and standardized development of the market through the construction of a standard system. Blockchain digital bonds are in the exploratory and experimental stage at home and abroad, and the related technical terms, business logic, technical platform and so on lack normative standards. As a system provider and centralized management institution, financial infrastructure should be summarized and refined in the exploration and practice, promote the establishment of relevant standard systems, promote the unified and standardized development of the market, and lay the foundation for participating in the international rules and regulations.

　　(7) Take the blockchain system as a starting point for maintaining national financial security. Exploring the use of digital currency for blockchain digital bonds in cross-border settlement scenarios may provide a new cross-border settlement model, which is conducive to breaking the restriction of existing cross-border RMB settlement by other information transmission channels, exploring the establishment of a safe and convenient channel for cross-border RMB application, and better safeguarding national financial security.

　　Using blockchain to promote the interconnection of international financial infrastructure

　　At the opening ceremony of the seminar on promoting high-quality financial development for leading cadres at the provincial and ministerial levels, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader proposed that it is necessary to strengthen the interconnection of domestic and foreign financial markets, improve the facilitation level of cross-border investment and financing, actively participate in the reform of international financial supervision, and keep the bottom line of financial security under open conditions. Interconnection between domestic and foreign financial infrastructure is an important technical support to realize the interconnection of financial markets. Constructing an autonomous and controllable settlement system for cross-border securities transactions is conducive to coordinating financial development and financial security.

　　In order to prevent financial sanctions in the field of cross-border payment, China’s central bank, together with the Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates, the Bank of Thailand and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, used blockchain technology to carry out the digital currency Bridge project of multilateral central banks, built a new self-controlled cross-border payment infrastructure, and successfully completed the real currency swap in the chain.

　　The digital currency Bridge project of the multilateral central bank has achieved self-control at the level of "funds", but at the level of "bonds", it is necessary to build an international central securities depository system (ICSD) with self-control. At present, ICSD is mainly established by individual national financial infrastructure, with strong sovereign will, and there are many uncontrollable factors for other participating countries, which is not conducive to the interconnection of international financial infrastructure. From the perspective of maintaining the security of financial openness, we can consider using blockchain technology to build a distributed ICSD with multilateral cooperation, common governance and sharing, and political neutrality.

　　Distributed ICSD is a set of cooperative mechanism for synchronous bookkeeping of registered custodians in various countries. Under the condition of not amending the laws of various countries, through blockchain technology, the account books of registered custodians in various countries are guaranteed to be consistent, the cross-border transaction settlement of securities is realized, and the opening level of the capital market is improved. The specific implementation method is: the registration and custody institutions of all countries access the international interconnection platform in the form of consensus nodes, so as to realize the docking between the internal registration and custody systems of all countries and the international interconnection platform. During the settlement of cross-border securities transactions, the registration custodian institution of the business initiating country sends a request to the international interconnection platform in the form of standard messages, and the international interconnection platform completes instruction processing and synchronously updates the account books of all consensus nodes, and at the same time feeds back the response results to the initiating system, which conducts internal data processing (see figure).

　　Under the background of the rapid development of digital currency and the successful practice of digital currency Bridge of the Central Bank, we can also consider connecting the international interconnection platform with the cross-border payment system in digital currency, so as to realize the closed loop of cross-border financial security in terms of "vouchers" and "loans", and jointly promote financial opening and safeguard financial security.

　　(Author Tang Bin is a doctoral student at the China Institute of Finance, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics; Chen Sen is an expert in China Bond R&D Center of the Central Clearing Company)

　　(1) Mu Changchun. Conforming to the trend of technological evolution and economic development, actively promoting the legal digital currency with me as the main body [J]. Banner, 2020(11).

　　② Di Gang. Development and Challenge of Blockchain in Digital Finance Technology System [J]. Information Security and Communication Security, 2021(01).

　　③ Yao Qian. Analysis of the economic effect of legal digital currency: theory and demonstration [J]. International Finance Research, 2019(01).

　　④ Tang Bin. Promoting the high-quality development of financial infrastructure through digital transformation [J]. Bonds, 2023(12).

　　⑤ Feng Yuan, Chen Sen, Du Zexia. Exploring the establishment of blockchain digital bond system [J]. Bonds, 2023(02).

　　⑥ Wang Yanzhao, Fan Hao, Tang Huayun, etc. Conception of long-term evolution system of digital bonds [J]. Wuhan Finance, 2022(10).

●　Volvo XC90

　　Price:79.8-101 7,800

　　The new generation XC90 was officially launched on July 8, with a total of 6 models launched in the T6 version, priced at79.8-101 7,800 yuanThe price has been reduced compared to the previously announced price.

　　The appearance of the new generation XC90 new car can refer to the XC, one of the latest three models. We can see that the headlights of the new car use LED light sources, and the T-shaped LED shape is unique. The design team calls it "Thor’s Hammer". The design is extraordinary. In the future, this design style will be popularized with other Volvo models. The body size of the new generation XC90 is 4950/2008/1775mm, 2984mm. The new car is based on Volvo’s latest SPA platform. The SPA platform model will use lighter aluminum materials in interior brackets, doors, car exterior cladding and suspension, which will reduce weight by 125kg compared to the old model.

　　The interior of the new XC90 is simple and atmospheric, without the hard feeling of a car, but very close to the natural kind of freshness. The central control uses black, supplemented by wood grain trim and aluminum to create trends, while the seats and steering wheel are available in black and light colors. The central control touch screen uses the CarPlay system jointly developed by Volvo and Apple, which can be used to complete the operation of air conditioning, entertainment systems, etc. The stereo can be optionally installed in the UK Bowers & Wilkins.

　　Obviously, the new XC90 is not the style of local tyrants. Its temperament is more similar to the popular home warm man, so a large space is necessary. According to official information, the XC90 can accommodate passengers with a height of 1.7 meters, and it is also equipped with four-zone air conditioning. As a new generation of Volvo, the new XC90 will be equipped with many of Volvo’s latest technologies, such as obstacles, pedestrians, animal identification systems, etc.

　　In terms of safety configuration, the new generation XC90 will also be equipped with two first-of-its-kind safety configurations, namely road departure protection system and automatic braking technology at intersections. In addition, such as rear-end preventive protection system, City Safety, new generation anti-roll stability control system, road traffic sign recognition system, blind spot information system and reversing car side warning system, queuing auxiliary features and 360 ° and other comprehensive electronic safety systems will appear in the new car configuration table.

　　Volvo claims that the XC90 will be the most powerful and environmentally friendly in the worldSUV The "TWIN ENGINE" marked on the body does not refer to the fact that the car has two internal combustion engines, but that the car is powered by a 2.0L inline four-cylinder twin supercharged+Drives the front wheels while being outputted by oneDrive the rear axle for a 60kW (82PS) motor. In this powertrain, the engine and motor work together to provide 298kW (405PS)And 640Nm peakIn addition, the new car’s pure electric mode has a cruising range of 40km

　　In the power part, both the T6 and T5 versions use mechanical and turbocharged technology, with a maximum power of 239kW (325PS) and 189kW (257PS) respectively, and a peak torque of 400Nm and 350Nm. In terms of diesel engines, the D5 version uses a twin-turbocharged diesel engine, providing a maximum power of 168kW (228PS) and a peak torque of 470Nm, while the fuel consumption of 100 kilometers is about 6L; the D4 version has a maximum power of 142kW (193PS) and a peak torque of 400Nm. The fuel consumption of this version is only 5L for 100 kilometers.

Competitive product analysis

　　Judging from the currently announced price range of the T6 model, if the buyer wants to buy an all-round high-end, then the price is still very large in China. Volkswagen Touareg,,, and (M-class model) are all popular high-end goods, and so on can also be taken into account. Since the XC90 is a new generation, then we choose the sports version, BMW X5 and Cayenne models for comparison, while the Audi Q7 and Volkswagen Touareg are in the replacement period, so we will not make a comparison for the time being.

　　In terms of size, the new generation of XC90 has almost completely outperformed the models of the same class. The length of nearly 5 meters and the length of nearly 3 meters make this car a "behemoth", so it can have enough space to accommodate it. In terms of size alone, the XC90 currently has an absolute advantage in the high-end SUV array.

New generation standard

　　Then we see the high-efficiency power combination used by the XC90. The 2.0L dual-supercharged power used by the T6 model is no less than that of the current mainstream product V6 model. With the efficient power combination, the XC90 is also fully capable of meeting the power needs of ordinary drivers. From the data alone, the 2.0T engine of the Volvo XC90 almost combines the characteristics of several mainstream products.

　　Compared with the higher-performance models of the same class of SUVs, the T8 of the Volvo XC90 adopts a hybrid mode, which is almost no big difference compared with several 8-cylinder models in terms of performance parameters. But it is worth noting that the T8 model can last 40km in pure electric mode and is equipped with an energy recovery system. Under the premise of meeting the strong power, the carbon dioxide emissions of the T8 model are only 49g/km, and the fuel consumption of 100 kilometers is only 2.1L. Compared with the high-performance models of the same class, the advantage is obvious.

　　Since most of the configurations of this class of models can be personalized, and the basic comfort configurations are also very comprehensive, it is a bit too difficult to compare the configurations of each class of models alone. Select some of the key configurations of this class of models below to see if the XC90 has obvious advantages in the configuration part.

　　It can be seen that among models with similar prices, the Volvo XC90 has outstanding configuration advantages, and the comfort configuration and safety configuration are also very advantageous in the same class of models. Similar and other practical technologies are equipped, especially the comprehensive active safety equipment mentioned above. Volvo’s popularity is also higher than that of other brands, which can be described as very comprehensive.

　

●　Mercedes-Benz GLE Coupe

　　Price:86.9-192 8,000

　　On the eve of the 2015 Chengdu Auto Show, it was officially launched in China. The new car launched a total of 4 models, priced at86.9-192 8,000The competitors are.

　　The E Coupe is a coupe based on the Mercedes-Benz GLE-Class (formerly M-Class).GLE400 andGLE450The two models are equipped with different adjustment levels3.0T V6 dual gasoline engine, and with9-Speed 9G-TRONIC Matching…

　　It is worth mentioning that for the first time, Mercedes-Benz is equipped with the A Sports performance packageGLE450 AMG Coupe, yesThe pioneering work of the A Sports series. This series will fill the huge gap between the AMG Package (kit only) and the AMG (pure-breed performance car), featuring adjustments to the original Mercedes-Benz power. (Text/Pacific Auto Network, Li Yang)

　

●　New Mitsubishi Outlander

　　Price:19.98-28 4,800

　　On August 24, the new model was officially launched, with a total of four models in the price range of19.98-28 4,800 yuan…

　　The new Outlander adopts Mitsubishi’s new family style, and the appearance uses the design elements of Mitsubishi PHEV Concept-S. The brand logo of the new car has been further enlarged to look more dynamic.

　　In addition, the new car also adds LED headlights and a light guide rear combination to present a first-class rear lighting effect. In addition, the new car will have integrated turn signals on the exterior rearview mirror, equipped with luggage racks and side scratch strips.

　　　In terms of configuration, the new Outlander series comes standard with LED daytime running lights, steering wheel adjustment, front seat flattening, 12V power socket, 16-inch spare tire, keyless entry, rear discharge trend and multi-function navigation machine. And the 2.4L four-wheel drive flagship GT version model also adds configuration including, front anti-collision assist, door,,, etc.

　　In terms of interior, the new car basically continues the current style, but adds more chrome-plated decorative parts. According to official information, the new Outlander also further improves the sound insulation performance by adding sound absorption and sound insulation materials, improving the suction method, and improving other aspects. The new Outlander still offers5 and 7 seatsOptional.

　　In terms of power, the new car continues the current 2.0L and 2.4L engines, with a 2.0L engine of 110kW (150PS) and 190Nm; the 2.4L engine has a maximum of 124kW (169PS) and a maximum of 220Nm. Transmission system, the new Outlander is equipped with a new generation of gearbox, further reducing the energy loss of power, coupled with further adjustments to engine control and CVT control, improved acceleration and shift performance, while improving fuel economy.

The twin stars of FAW Pentium-Pentium B70 and Pentium T90 have recently started a big price reduction. Both models have offered a discount of 4,000 yuan to deduct 20,000 yuan. In addition, Pentium T90 also enjoys a cash discount of 10,000 yuan in a limited time, and Pentium B70 enjoys a cash discount of 5,000 yuan in a limited time. After the discount, the starting price of Pentium T90 is 88,900 yuan and the starting price of Pentium B70 is 75,900 yuan. Pentium B70 and Pentium T90 are the main models in the home market, and their home properties are in place, and their competitiveness has increased a lot after the big price reduction.

Pentium B70—— A B-class sedan that starts at less than 80,000 yuan.

In terms of appearance, the Pentium B70 adopts the brand-new family design language of the fourth generation of Pentium. Its front face is equipped with a "cascade" front grille, and the headlight group is shaped like a "flying wing", which seems to have a good visual impact. Its body waistline is designed to be sharp, and the roof adopts a slip-back design, which is very fashionable with a variety of wheel hub shapes. The penetrating taillights at its tail are also very cool after lighting up, and the lower enclosure is also equipped with a bilateral double-out exhaust layout, which is also very sporty.

Its highlight is that the space is large enough and comfortable enough. It is positioned as a B-class sedan, with a body size of 4855*1840*1455mm and a wheelbase of 2800 mm. The legroom in the front row is 1070mm and the legroom in the second row is 958mm； The head space in the front row is 952mm/963m, and the head space in the second row is 961mm/967mm, and the space performance is very abundant. In addition, its seat is simply a "big sofa" and its comfort is very high.

As a family car, safety is also very important. Based on the platform architecture of China FAW FMA, the Pentium B70 adopts BNSA safety system, and the body structure uses a brand-new dual-E six-channel design that strengthens for 3H. The proportion of high-strength steel used in the whole car is as high as 76%, the proportion of hot-formed steel is 22%, and the yield strength of ultra-high-strength materials is greater than 1500MPa, so it can’t be overstated to describe it as "reinforced steel".

In terms of power, the Pentium B70 is equipped with a 2.0T four-cylinder engine, with a maximum power of 165kW and a maximum torque of 340N•m. The transmission system is matched with a 6AT gearbox from Aisin, and the acceleration per 100 kilometers is 7.8 seconds. Its chassis adopts the former McPherson and the rear multi-link independent suspension.

Pentium T90—— A cost-effective household SUV starting at less than 90,000 yuan.

In terms of appearance, the Pentium T90 adopts a brand-new family-style design voice, the front face is equipped with a front grille with mountains and rivers, the headlights are in a long and narrow shape, and LED strip is used to connect them, forming a penetrating shape, which blends the Chinese style with the sense of science and technology very harmoniously. Its body adopts the side characteristics of the prancing horse bow, which gives people a strong sense of muscle and strength. Its tail shape is also very layered. The taillights are through-shaped, and the lower enclosure is decorated with black plaques. With the exhaust layout of the upper and lower sides, the recognition is also very high.

Like the B70, the biggest highlight of the Pentium T90 is the space performance. The body size of the Pentium T90 is 4718*1880*1710mm, the wheelbase is 2772mm, the height space of the front and rear rows is 990/980mm, and the front and rear leg spaces are 1040/996mm. Not only is there enough seating space, but the Pentium T90 also has a super-large trunk space of 560L. Even after the rear seats are laid down, the volume reaches 1345L, with a depth of 1870mm, and it is also equipped with 23 modular storage spaces, with excellent storage capacity.

In terms of configuration, the Pentium T90 is equipped with a 12.6-inch vertical central control panel, a 9.6-inch W-HUD display and a PM2.5 negative ion fragrance system. The car is equipped with a D-life6.0 intelligent system, which has a very fast response speed of human-computer interaction. The car also has a built-in Qualcomm Snapdragon 8155 chip. In addition, it is equipped with ACC adaptive cruise, multi-directional parking space with one-button precision parking, up to 23 sensors at the same level, and 24 intelligent driving assistance functions, and the assisted driving level has reached L2.5. In terms of safety, the Pentium T90 is equipped with six airbags as standard, with 74% of high-strength steel in white body and 25.3% of hot-formed steel above 1500MPa. In addition, it also adopts double E-cage body structure design, and the torsional stiffness of the body is 24000 N m/+.

In terms of power, Pentium T90 provides two power combinations: 1.5T engine +7DCT and high-power version 2.0T engine+Aisin 8AT. The maximum power of the engine is 124kW and 185kW respectively, and the maximum torque is 258N·m and 380N·m respectively. In terms of chassis, it adopts the front McPherson type, and the rear multi-link is an independent suspension.

Conclusion: As household models, Pentium B70 and Pentium T90 have excellent space performance in their class, and their safety performance is also guaranteed, which is not groundless. In addition, their power performance is also very in line with household needs, and they do not lose some joint venture models at all. Now they have made great price cuts, which is undoubtedly a very heavy blow to competing joint venture models.

A security guard stood in front of the sign of ZARA’s dress. Xu Xiaolin surging information

　　　　　　　　Xinhua Online Haihai reported on November 16 that there will still be quality problems in international brand-name clothes that cost thousands of yuan and tens of thousands of yuan. Shanghai Administration for Industry and Commerce recently announced the results of sampling inspection on the quality of fast fashion clothing in the circulation field in the second quarter of 2014, which showed that among 65 batches of unqualified products, a number of "international famous brands" were impressively listed.

　　　　　　　　Why are internationally renowned brands frequently listed in the "blacklist" of clothing quality announced by local quality supervision departments? Experts believe that the weak punishment and low illegal cost are the reasons why some enterprises are fearless.

What "international famous products" are on the quality "blacklist"

　　　　　　　　A dress of Armani, the color fastness to wet rubbing is not up to standard; Ports’s two dresses are unqualified in fiber content; Martha’s shirts and trousers have many problems, such as cracks. In the latest sampling results of clothing quality in the second quarter of this year released by Shanghai Administration for Industry and Commerce, CC&DD, ELLE HOMME, Etam, Ralph Lauren and other "internationally renowned brands" are also "famous on the list" due to various quality problems.

　　　　　　　　The case investigated in Shanghai is not a case, and the results of market quality inspection will be announced one after another every year. In recent months, the Beijing Municipal Administration of Industry and Commerce has carried out several batches of quality sampling inspection of clothing products in the circulation field, and international brands such as MUJI, ZARA, H&M, Polo Ralph Lauren, FNRN, VERO MODA, Benirall, Givenchy and Disney have all been on the list. In June this year, Guangzhou Consumer Council also announced 16 unqualified children’s wear brands, including HELLO KITTY, ELLE, Disney and Adidas.

　　　　　　　　The quality problems of international famous brands have frequently sounded the alarm. According to the regulatory authorities in Zhejiang Province, there are many quality problems in Korean clothing among foreign brands. In the first half of 2013, Zhejiang Industrial and Commercial Bureau randomly selected 20 batches of Korean brand clothing from 12 brands, and the pass rate was only 45%. PAW IN PAW, LAND KIDS and other brands were "famous on the list"; In 2012, the pass rate of sampling inspection of imported clothing from South Korea was only 50%.

From textiles to garments, which links are likely to cause quality and safety problems?

　　　　　　　　These "brand-name" clothes, which have won the trust of domestic consumers, frequently expose the "quality gate" incident. What are the problems in those links?

　　　　　　　　Judging from the spot checks by local industrial and commercial quality inspection departments, clothing quality problems mainly include formaldehyde exceeding the standard, PH exceeding the standard, color fastness, fiber content not meeting the standard and so on. The reporter’s investigation found that there are loopholes in clothing quality problems from textile, printing and dyeing to garment processing and sales.

　　　　　　　　-The printing and dyeing process is a "frequent place" for chemical problems. A person in charge of a chemical enterprise in Hangzhou told the reporter that problems such as excessive formaldehyde and substandard PH value are generally in the middle reaches of the industrial chain. "All dyes are chemical substances, and in order to speed up dyeing, printing and dyeing enterprises will also use additives containing formaldehyde, which should be the main source of formaldehyde in clothing."

　　　　　　　　-clothing label tampering. "Garment manufacturers will buy fabrics of different quality according to the level of their own brands. The fabric quality of these internationally renowned brands should be the best." A clothing salesman who did not want to be named said, however, in order to save costs, it is common for enterprises to do something on the label of clothing components in the process of OEM.

　　　　　　　　-In the sales process, some brand enterprises "build a smooth road, and hide their positions". According to the reporter’s investigation, brand clothing has to undergo strict testing before entering large shopping malls. "Some brand enterprises are all qualified products before entering the mall, but in order to increase profits after entering the mall, it may not be possible to guarantee the quality of the products they sell." A salesperson said.

　　　　　　　　Although clothing safety is not as direct as that in food safety hazards, it attracts people’s attention, but the harm of clothing quality problems to human health is still serious, which can be said to be a "chronic killer". According to industry insiders, if the PH value exceeds the standard and the color fastness is not up to standard, it is easy to cause some sensitizing and carcinogenic dyes and heavy metal ions to be absorbed by the human body, thus posing a hazard to human health and safety. Formaldehyde can enter the human body through diet, breathing and even skin contact, which is harmful to skin and mucous membranes.

Weak punishment and low illegal cost have led some enterprises to be fearless.

　　　　　　　　Why are some internationally renowned brands frequently blacklisted? Experts believe that weak punishment and low illegal cost are the reasons why some enterprises are "fearless".

　　　　　　　　Hu Gang, a member of the Lawyers Group of China Consumers Association and a lawyer of Beijing Chaoyang Law Firm, told the reporter that according to the current Product Quality Law, enterprises that violate the law and regulations are only fined less than three times the value of the goods, and the punishment is too low, and there is still much room for flexibility in operation. "The overall framework of the Product Quality Law currently implemented is also a version formulated in 1993. After more than 20 years, some terms and penalties can no longer meet the needs of market economy development."

　　　　　　　　In addition, according to the newly revised Law on the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests, the main punishment for consumers to buy unqualified products is to return them, and for those who commit fraud, punitive damages will be increased by three times. According to reports, in the United States, for product quality issues, lawyers will take the initiative to convene victims to conduct class actions, especially because of the existence of the "jury" system, illegal enterprises may face "sky-high" compensation; In some European countries, relevant consumer protection organizations have the right to organize arbitration tribunals to effectively protect consumers’ rights and interests in the form of industry self-discipline, and enterprises that refuse to fulfill their obligations may face severe punishment of "market ban".

　　　　　　　　Experts in the industry believe that once international famous brands are frequently blacklisted, they are still widely sought after in large shopping malls. On the one hand, the punishment is weak, on the other hand, it also shows that domestic consumers’ awareness of rights protection is indifferent. Many young interviewees told reporters that although it hurts to buy substandard clothes, it will not cost more money and energy to protect rights.

　　　　　　　　In addition, although the sharing platform has been established at present, the departments of industry and commerce, quality inspection and finance and taxation are still fragmented, and the data application is still "single-handed". "A company that has been investigated by the quality inspection department is still a credit level in the industrial and commercial sector." Shen Huaqing, director of the product quality supervision and inspection department of Zhejiang Quality Supervision Bureau, believes that a unified enterprise code and a unified blacklist system should be established to strengthen the "ensemble" of supervision.

　　　　　　　　Therefore, Qiu Baochang, head of the lawyers group of China Consumers Association, believes that it is important to strengthen punishment, but it is more urgent to establish a unified credit system. In order to make it more convenient for merchants and consumers to consult, corresponding inquiry mechanisms should be established according to the types of goods. For example, for clothing, an inquiry system should be established according to clothing brands, so that consumers can check the credit status of a certain brand at any time, so as to eliminate the "information asymmetry" to the greatest extent and constitute a substantial deterrent to illegal enterprises and manufacturers.

Exploration and research on the drilling layout and divination form of word Oracle bones in Yin Ruins

(all two volumes)

By Zhao Peng

Published in April 2024

Content introduction

According to the materials of Oracle bones used for divination, that is, scapula, abdominal shell and dorsal shell, this book makes a comprehensive and systematic study on the drilling layout and divination forms of various types of Wang Oracle bones in the south and north of Yinxu Village, as well as various types of non-Wang Oracle bones. The evolution sequence of Oracle bone drilling layout in Yin Ruins is established, and the development track of Oracle bone divination form in Yin Ruins is analyzed. Interpret the layout of some characteristic Oracle inscriptions. This paper analyzes the influence of Oracle bone materials in the same group on the content and form of divination. This paper discusses the influence of Oracle bone staging, Oracle bone group, Oracle bone material, divination content and drilling layout on divination form.

Brief introduction of the author

Zhao Peng is a researcher at the Institute of Ancient History of China Academy of Social Sciences. His research interests are Oracle Bone Inscriptions and the history of Yin and Shang Dynasties, focusing on the arrangement and description of Oracle bones, the study of drilling layout and divination forms. He is the author of "A Preliminary Study on the Names and Dating of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins" (Wired Bookstore, 2007) and "A Collection of rubbings on Oracle Bones" (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2016). Participated in the compilation of Oracle Bones Collected by the Historical Research Institute of China Academy of Social Sciences (edited by Song Zhenhao, Zhao Peng and Ma Ji Fan, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2011).

Catalogue

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(Huang Tianshu)

Zhao Peng, a researcher at China Historical Research Institute, recently finished the book "The Layout of Oracle Bones with Characters and the Exploration of Divination Forms in Yin Ruins". The author asked me to write a few words at the beginning. I am very happy. I would like to take this opportunity to talk about my own ideas on the layout of Oracle bones and the arrangement offered by Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

In recent ten years, the author has devoted himself to studying the drilling layout of Oracle bones. In my opinion, drilling layout is a very important research topic in Oracle divination. Although some scholars have done some research, there are still many problems to be solved. This book is the latest achievement of drilling layout research, and I hope it will be published as soon as possible.

A rough reading draft, I think this book has many advantages: first, comprehensively and systematically sort out and study the drilling layout, and summarize its evolution sequence and development vein. Second, the drilling layout is rich in materials, illustrated and easy to read. Third, it is advocated that the drilling layout should be comprehensively studied in combination with Oracle inscriptions and ordinal numbers. More importantly, this book has the following two main findings:

First, the layout of drilling affects the form of divination. For example, during the period of Zu Geng in Wu Ding, the tortoise shell of Cunbei system was not drilled, and the bovine scapula with a single drilling layout at the neck of the head bone usually used a complete set of divination forms.

Secondly, from the perspective of drilling layout and divination form, the South-Central School in the village is more closely related to the division group, which directly develops from the division group, and the North School in the village is likely to be a new or innovative series; The South-Central School of the village developed first and influenced the North School of the village. For example, the Central South Department of the village entered the stage of layout along the bone edge from the first group of the calendar, and the second group of the Northern Department of the village began to layout along the bone edge. The divination in which the focus of different links of the same event is arranged along the bone edge began to appear in the first class of the calendar group in the south-central part of the village, and it began to appear in the second class of the group in the north part of the village.

The study of drilling layout is a relatively cold corner in the field of Oracle bone inscriptions, and there are few related works. In the past, Oracle bone scholars mostly focused on the study of characters, and few people paid attention to the Oracle bone materials and their drilling layout attached to characters. In recent years, scholars have realized that Oracle Bone Inscriptions should be comprehensively studied from several sub-disciplines, such as Oracle divination (drilling layout under its jurisdiction), Oracle morphology, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions’s dedication. The core of Oracle inscriptions is "drilling" and "divination". Foreword, destiny, divination, preface and so on are all arranged and written around "drilling" and "divination" like the stars arch the moon. In my opinion, there is a drilling layout first, then a burning layout, and then a burning layout. The front and back sides of the large version of Oracle bones are often engraved with dozens of Oracle inscriptions. If scholars don’t understand the layout of drilling, burning and Oracle inscriptions, there will be problems in the Oracle bone inscriptions written.

On the reverse side of Oracle bones, there are artificial drills, the spindle is a chisel and the circle is a drill. The above is the preparation for divination. And burning drill is the beginning of divination. After burning, Cho Chien is chiseled and trillion branches are drilled. A passage from this book (page 49) to Mr. Tsung i Jao is very important. In 1961, Mr. Rao said in the article "A Study on the Yin People’s Concept of Numbers from the Count of Bu Zhao —— On the Number of Images of Turtles" (Collection of Papers Celebrating Mr. Dong Zuobin’s Sixty-Five Years Old): "There are four things on the tortoise shell, which keep a joint relationship, namely, the drilled hole on the back of the tortoise, the trillion images on the ventral surface after burning, and the numbers engraved in trillion positions, which are engraved with the engraving. I think Mr. Rao’s words can be summed up in eight words, namely, "drilling, omen, number and diction, four in one" The so-called "drilling" refers to "drilling". As we all know, there are very few people who drill first and then drill, but don’t drill. Oracle bone divination belongs to heat divination. The diviner burned the drill with the burning thorns, which made the front of the Oracle bone crack into a "Bu"-shaped divination. Each divination is composed of Cho Chien and Zhaozhi, which first comes from Cho Chien and then Zhaozhi. Chisel out the Cho Chien, which looks like a trunk and has the same shape; Drill out trillion branches, shaped like branches, in various shapes. Yin people mainly judge good or bad luck according to the shape of trillion branches. Therefore, the language of "drilling" is dominated by "drilling" and supplemented by "chisel", where "drilling" stands for "drilling". The so-called "omen" means that the reverse side is burning and the front side is ominous. The so-called "number" is the abbreviation of "ordinal number", which is also called "trillion sequence", "preface" or "trillion sequence".Record the number and order of divination. The so-called "ci" refers to the following nine parts: pre-ci, life-ci, occupation-ci, verification-ci, omen-ci, preface, diction, fu-ci and agency-ci. But not all divinations are recorded, but some parts are often omitted. The so-called "four-in-one" means that the four elements of "drill, omen, number and diction" should be arranged around "drill" and "omen" like the stars arch the moon.

Let’s take a complete edition of tortoise shell "Part C" 63-64 (Collection 12051) as an example to illustrate the "four in one". The biggest shortcoming of Mr. Zhang Bingquan’s Oracle Inscriptions in A Textual Research on Part C is that he wrote the four-in-one words separately, in other words, it did not well reflect the joint relationship between the drilling layout, augury, ordinal number and Oracle Inscriptions. The interpretation of Part C is self-evident, so I don’t want to quote it. In this paper, according to the new concept of "four in one", the interpretation of Part C 63-64 (Collection 12051) is rewritten in the following, and then elaborated. In order to facilitate reading, the interpretation of the text should use common words as much as possible.

(1) come to ten. (Carved on the reverse right nail bridge. "Lai Lai Shi" recorded that the turtles were paid by Dai Suo Gong Na, a total of ten)

(2) shell. (Carved on the left-hand side of the left-hand bridge. The "shell" is the name of Zhen, and it is recorded that the custodian of the repair gives the dug and drilled abdominal armor to Zhen’s shell to collect the palm for divination.

(3) Zhen: Liao Niu. (engraved on the reverse side) [1] 2 (engraved on the corresponding position on the front side)

(4) don’t burn. (engraved on the reverse side) ф (ф, which means that there is only a omen in the corresponding position of the front side, but the ordinal number is not engraved and the omen is committed. Here is another oracle that the omen infringes on the front side)

(5) Liao a cow. (engraved on the reverse side) 1 (engraved on the corresponding position on the front side)

(6) [Don’t burn a cow]. (There was no Oracle inscription on the reverse side, but it was supposed to be "Don’t burn a cow") One (the corresponding position on the front side is only Bu Zhao and the ordinal number "one". Bu Zhao and the ordinal number "one" are shown in the corresponding position of the second line of the front left front armor near Qianli Road)

(7) Liao Er Niu. (The reverse side above) ф (It is engraved in the corresponding position on the front side, which indicates the omen, but the ordinal number is engraved and the omen is made)

(8) Liao San Niu. (engraved on the reverse side) 1 (engraved on the corresponding position on the front side and making a sign)

(9) Zhen: The following year, Gui Wei (20) burned five cows. One two three four five (engraved on the front)

(10) Don’t burn five cows in the next year. One two three four five (engraved on the front)

(11) call. (engraved on the reverse side) 1 (engraved on the corresponding position on the front side and making a sign)

(12) Call for help, get it from the east first. (Engraved on the left front nail bridge) One, two, three (Engraved on the front left front nail and making a sign)

(13) Zhen: Call for help, get it first. (Engraved on the right-hand bridge) Four (Engraved on the front)

(14) Call for help first. (Engraved on the right-hand bridge) Five (Engraved on the front)

(15) jiachen (41),

Zhen: It rains today. (engraved on the front) One two three four (engraved on the front)

(16) jiachen (41),

Zhen: It won’t rain today. (engraved on the front) One two three two to four five (engraved on the front)

(17) Jia Chen (41) Bu,

Zhen: The next day (42) its rain. (engraved on the front) One two three four (engraved on the front)

(18) Zhen: The next day (42) it didn’t rain. (engraved on the front) One two three four (engraved on the front)

(19) Zhen: The following day did not (44) rain. (engraved on the front) One, two, three (engraved on the front)

(20) Zhen: The next day Ding Wei (44) did not rain. (engraved on the front) One, two, three small notices (engraved on the front)

(21) it

It’s not just worrying about Zu Yi. (engraved on the reverse side) 0 (engraved on the corresponding position on the front side, with omen but no ordinal number engraved and making omen)

（22）

Yu zuyi. (engraved on the reverse side) 0 (engraved on the corresponding position on the front side, with omen but no ordinal number engraved and making omen)

(1)(2) is an official statement, which records the origin of Oracle bones and the person who drilled them, and delivered them to the Zhen people’s shell for control after drilling them. In order not to interfere with divination, the inscription is generally engraved on the edge without drilling. (1)(2) The inscription is immediately on the opposite side of the nail bridge.

According to the principle of "the kind (event) follows each other, according to the omen (drilling)", there are four types of Oracle inscriptions on the front and back of this edition of tortoise shell: the first category (3) to (10) divination "Liaoniu". (3) "Liao Niu" and (4) "Don’t Liao" are against chastity. (5) "Liao a cow" and (6) "[Don’t Liao a cow]" are also against chastity. (7) to (10) It is appropriate to choose a few cows for chastity. The second category (11) to (14) divination "Gunnar". The third category (15) to (20) divination "weather". The fourth category (21) to (22) divination sacrifice "Zu Yi".

In recent years, after the establishment of Oracle bone divination, drilling layout can be included in Oracle bone divination for research. With the improvement of photography and printing technology, there are high-definition color photos of Oracle bones, and the color photos can be enlarged in the computer to observe the drilling layout. The conditions for studying Oracle divination (including drilling layout) and Oracle morphology have been greatly improved. It is hoped that the reverse side of Oracle bones will be recorded in the Oracle bone description books published in the future, so as to facilitate the study of the drilling layout of Oracle bones and better understand the Oracle bone inscriptions.

Huangtianshu

Tsinghua campus, October 3, 2023

Foreword

This book makes a comprehensive and systematic study on the drilling layout and divination forms of all kinds of word Oracle bones in Yin Ruins according to the materials, initially establishes the evolution sequence of drilling layout of Oracle bones in Yin Ruins, roughly combs the development vein of divination forms in Yin Ruins, and interprets some characteristic Oracle inscriptions layout.

The introduction part defines the concept of drilling in this book, the research content and significance of this book, and reviews the previous studies, and puts forward that the current study of Oracle bone drilling layout should be combined with Oracle bone group, trillion sequence arrangement, Oracle composition, Oracle bone layout, divination and so on to carry out a more in-depth and detailed study.

The first chapter to the fourth chapter combs the drilling layout, characteristic Oracle inscriptions layout and divination form of the Jia bones of Yin Ruins Division Group, Village Central South System, Village North System and Non-Wang Group. It is pointed out that the layout of scapula drilling in Cunnan system began to enter the layout stage along the bone edge (that is, a row of mortar edges and a half rows along the opposite side), while in Cunbei system, it was an independent layout of the bone head and neck in the early stage, and it began to be arranged along the bone edge (that is, a row of mortar edges and a half rows along the opposite side) after the second class. It is pointed out that the drilling layout of the middle-south system in the village is more closely related to the scapula of the division, and it is directly developed from the division, while the drilling layout of the northern system in the village is likely to be a new or innovative series for the scapula of the division. The Jiagu of the Central South System in the village is bounded by the second class of the calendar group, with more divination before and one divination after. The northern part of the village is bounded by the class of guests, with many words before and one word after. The two divination forms basically entered the stage of one word and one divination at the same time. The divination in which the focus of different links of the same event in one day is arranged along the bone edge began to appear in the middle and south part of the village, and this divination form began to appear in the second part of the village. No matter from the layout of drilling or the composition of divination in different aspects of the same event in a day, the development of divination in the Central South School of Village is earlier than that in the Northern School of Village, and it is the Central South School of Village that has influenced the Northern School of Village.

The fifth chapter to the seventh chapter combs the layout of drilling, the layout of characteristic oracles and the form of divination on the division group of Yin Ruins, the village north system and the non-king’s abdomen armor. It is pointed out that the drilling of the abdominal nail in the division group has a messy layout and the burning direction is uncertain. The Cunbei system is bounded by the guest-out class, and the drilling layout in the early stage is diversified, including three categories: sparse, dense and sparse-dense mixed. The second group and He group are basically the main two-column layout, and the one near Jiaqiao has burning on the outside of drilling, while the Huang group is the main two-column or three-column dense layout. In the form of divination, the layout of drilling was greatly influenced in the early stage, and different drilling layouts used different forms of divination. In the later period, it was basically a word.

Chapters 8 to 10 sort out the drilling layout and divination form of the division group, the village north system and the non-king’s back armor. It is pointed out that the dorsal nail has a messy layout in the division group and the burning direction is uncertain. There are two or three rows of dense layout in the Bin Formation in the north of the village, and one row of drilling layout will be added after leaving the formation. The form of divination is bounded by the category of object, with many words in the early stage and one word in the later stage.

In the southern part of the village, the Jia bone is basically used for divination, while in the northern part of the village, the tortoise bone is used together. The reason why the division group is studied separately as a chapter is to find out the relationship between the division group and the village south school and the village north school. The conclusion is that the relationship between the division group and the Oracle bones of the village south system is closer, and the development of the same system can be found, while the relationship between the village north system and the division group is obviously far away.

The drilling layout and divination form on non-Wang Oracle bones are different from the norms of Wang Oracle bones in the period. Except for the afternoon group, divination is mostly within three divinations. The drilling layout of Huadong Oracle bones is relatively simple and dense, but the divination form is free and flexible, which is not restricted by the drilling layout.

Chapter 11 discusses the role of drilling layout in Oracle bone conjugation and classification.

Chapter 12 discusses the influence of different materials in the same group of Oracle bones on the content and form of divination.

Chapter 13 discusses the influence of Oracle bone staging, Oracle bone group, Oracle bone material, divination content and drilling layout on divination form. It is pointed out that the forms of Oracle bone divination in Yin Ruins are diverse and constantly developing, which is the most active and prosperous period of thermal divination.

Postscript

Seventeen years have passed since my doctor graduated in 2006. In the past 17 years, more invalid time has been used, while some effective time has been tight and tight, and some have been rushed and rushed.

After graduating from Ph.D., I wanted to finish sorting out all the names of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, analyze some phenomena of names, make further corrections and supplements to the previous mistakes, and imagine that it can be extended to the study of the official system of Yin Shang Dynasty. However, after some study and work experience, the original plan was changed and more attention was paid to the layout of Oracle bone drilling.

From September, 2007 to June, 2008, Mr. Li Xueqin opened a course on Oracle bones in Tsinghua University, and many students and scholars from Beijing attended. In the course of studying this school year, one of my gains is to realize more deeply that Oracle bones are relics of divination. Thinking about many problems of Oracle bones should leave a perspective of divination.

In 2008, I participated in the research group of Three Editions of Oracle Bone Inscriptions Collection, and I was responsible for the combination and arrangement of Oracle bones in Part B, Part C and Supplement B. In the process of splicing and pasting the fragments of the rubbings of Part B, the signs on the front and the drills on the back attracted my attention. The reverse rubbings after spelling are sorted and sorted one by one, and the result is the article "Preliminary sorting and research on drilling and mega-sequence arrangement of tortoise shell of Kengbin Formation YH127 in Yin Ruins" which participated in the Second Youth Forum of Ancient Philology of Shiyu Institute in 2016. After further streamlining, it was published in the Journal of Archaeology (2017).

In 2010, together with Mr. Song Zhenhao and Mr. Ma Ji Fan, we sorted out the Oracle bones collected by the Historical Research Institute of China Academy of Social Sciences. In the process of finishing, I am responsible for taking photos, sorting all Oracle bones and interpreting texts. When interpreting texts, the principle of proximity is basically used to deal with the attribution of mega-words, so the attribution of mega-words in the book Zhong Li Cang is basically wrong, and this responsibility lies with me alone.

In 2012, I was fortunate to attend the 19th annual meeting of China Ancient Characters Research Association hosted by Fudan University, which was the first time in my life to attend the annual meeting of China Ancient Characters. At the meeting, Mr. Wang Zewen published the article "Supplement to the Oracle Inscriptions Collected in the Far East Antiquities Museum in Stockholm, Sweden" and related descriptions, which made me realize that my previous treatment of the inscription may be wrong. After the meeting, I began to sort out the inscription position of mega-words on a version of Oracle bones, and came to the conclusion that mega-words are above mega-branches, while mega-words are below mega-branches (of course, there are also mega-words above Cho Chien, and mega-words outside Cho Chien, etc.), so mega-words should be written after the mega-numbers above mega-branches, not after the nearest mega-words. Before and at that time, many scholars’ cognition of the attribution of mega-words was correct. Only my poor studies have caused great mistakes and may spread to others. So far, I am ashamed.

The concern about mega-words has aroused my concern about mega-ordinal numbers. In 2012, I began to sort out the arrangement of Oracle bones in each group. When sorting out the abdominal carapace of the yellow group turtle, it was found that there were some phenomena in which the number of the right abdominal carapace was "one" and the left abdominal carapace was "two". Once Mr. Li Xueqin attended a meeting of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2013), I found an opportunity to ask Mr. Li about this phenomenon. Mr. Li said that this is interesting and can be sorted out. This has strengthened my confidence in sorting out and studying this problem.

In 2012, he assisted in taking photos of Oracle bones in Lushun Museum and Chongqing Three Gorges Museum, and in 2014, he assisted in taking more than 2,000 photos of Oracle bones in Shandong Museum. In the process of assisting in taking these photos, I have a more intuitive understanding of the drilling layout. Looking back now, whether the photos you see are page by page or one by one may have different trigger points for people.

In May 2017, I joined the working group of "Oracle Bone Inscriptions Manuscript Series". This work gives me a chance to sort out Oracle bone materials more comprehensively, and on this basis, I pay more attention to and think about it, and my understanding of Oracle bone drilling layout and divination form is more perfect than before.

In 2008, Mr. Li Xueqin published the article "The Expansion of Oracle Inscriptions on Di Xin’s Expatriates" in the Research on the History of China, arguing that the Zhongnan and Cunbei lines of Jiagu Village in Yin Ruins ended separately, so it is unnecessary to merge into one line. Another thought brought to me by this article is how the two departments started. In 2019, I was fortunate to be invited by Mr. Lin Hongming to give an academic lecture on "Deep Wave Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Yin Shang Civilization" at Taiwan Province University of Political Science. In the preparation of the lecture, I first compared the drilling layout of the scapula of the northern system of the village with that of the central and southern system of the village. The result of comparison is that the drilling layout of the division group’s scapula is a series with the south of the village, but far from the north of the village.

In 2020, Master Huang Tianshu first put forward the branch field of Oracle divination in He Hui’s Preface to the Study of Oracle Inscriptions on Tortoise Abdomen. On July 8, 2022, Master Huang Tianshu gave a lecture entitled "Oracle divination" in the famous forum of ancient Chinese characters in NTU, which further improved the theoretical framework of Oracle divination. The proposition of "Oracle bone divination" makes the research of this topic have the support and ownership.

In short, the arrangement of Oracle bone materials, the shooting of Oracle bone photos, the reflection on my own wrong cognition, the study and exchange, the development of disciplines, etc., are all the reasons why I keep thinking about the drilling layout.

There are two more points about this book: First, the layout of drilling is closely related to the form of divination. Different drilling layouts may lead to different forms of divination. When the layout of drilling changes, the form of divination will basically change. The second is about the "two columns" drilling layout. The core reason why we don’t classify the "one row and half rows on the opposite side of the scapula" and the "multiple ring sparse type" on the tortoise shell as the "two rows" drilling layout is that the divination group has different divination thinking and divination use for these two drilling layouts, which also reflects their different divination thoughts. Our cognition should be as close as possible to the ideas and practices of the divination group.

Since 2008, it has been fifteen years since we began to pay attention to drilling and mega-sequence. Although the drilling layout seems to be a problem that can be solved in a short time, there will always be some points in fifteen years to promote us to think about this problem repeatedly or have new thinking. Now that it is about to be published, I hope that the problems revealed in the book, such as the layout of drilling, the form of divination, the layout of Oracle inscriptions and the relationship between the two systems, can be close to the truth of history. But the truest feeling in my heart is fear, fear of misreading the practice of ancestors’ divination, fear that there must be some superficial, inaccurate and incomplete cognition, and that every version of Oracle bones has not been carefully arranged from the perspective of divination …

Finally, I would like to thank Master Huang Tianshu for his training and urging, and to preface my book. Thanks to Li Xueqin, Song Zhenhao, Liu Zhao, Li Zongkun, Dong Shan, Lin Hongming, Fang Zhisong, Wang Zewen, Zhang Ang and others who gave me advice, care and help along the way. Thanks to the five judges of the National Social Science Fund for their comments on revision. Thanks to Ms. Gu Lidan and Editor Yao Minghui of Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House for their efforts in publishing this book. Thank my mother for her help and care in my life.

November 8, 2023

Shuying

Original title: "The new book recommended the publication of" Exploration and Research on the Layout and Divination Form of Oracle Bones with Characters in Yin Ruins "

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"color" of "looking for"

Comment on Zhao Yi’s Searching: Dimensions and Signs of Literature

Text | Liu Xiaobo

Zhao Yi’s Search: Dimensions and Signs of Literature (hereinafter referred to as Search) shows the sharpness and tolerance of young people’s critical writing, such as unique and novel perspective selection, fashionable issues of concern, sharp writing, wise views, and sometimes a sharpness. These characteristics are the background color of criticism and the true nature of critics. As a young critic, Zhao Yi pays more attention to contemporary writers who are both young people, forming a typical contemporary criticism. Zhao Yi’s writing is also cross-border. She is not only engaged in criticism, but also writing novels. At the same time, she is also a literary editor. She has a multi-faceted identity and her academic background is also cross-border. All these make her critical writing have a solid foundation, broad vision and more rich texture. The "thing" of "looking for" can be described as the content and ambition of bo literature, while the "color" of "looking for" is the background and true color of criticism.

Youth edge:

Well-founded "reckless"

From the title, "Looking for" has revealed a unique edge of youth criticism, which is also a simile of its criticism itself. Young critics certainly have the unique characteristics of young people, such as unique and novel perspective selection, fashionable issues of concern, sharp writing, wise views, and sometimes a sharpness, which is fully reflected in Zhao Yi’s Looking for a Job. Zhao Yi’s criticism pays attention to the frontier issues, closely follows the present and the times, and pays continuous attention to the new literary phenomena. His sense of criticism is extremely keen and his critical perspective is unique. Almost all the articles in the "Horizon Phenomenon" section are centered around the literary hotspots in recent years, expressing his unique observation and thinking about the new phenomena in the current literary world.

Zhao Yi’s literary criticism has a broad vision, often starting from the big background of the times, and combining the inside and outside of literature for systematic analysis. Micro-writing and micro-reading are carefully combed in the article "Micro-novel and micro-reading", and micro-writing and micro-reading are exactly the new literary images caused by media changes. Zhao Yi’s point of view is launched from the big background. In her view, the rise of new media has shaped the literary concept, the existing form of literature and the way of literary production, dissemination and acceptance, which has had a direct and far-reaching impact on literary creation in the traditional sense. One of the symbolic appearances is that literary creation is increasingly developing towards miniaturization, portability and mobility with the media terminal technology oriented to user experience and functional requirements, and literary styles and modes of communication are showing a trend of "micro", which has brought the prosperity of "micro" art based on information. And this generalization has actually become a general description of the background of the current literary development. For example, in her research on the post-90s literary phenomenon, she also cut in from the media perspective: the current post-90s literary production is the participation, deduction and display of virtual reality scenes under the all-round digital media ecology with the Internet as the core, and the writing of new media is exported through sub-cultural ways such as audio-visual and network. This kind of thinking is still based on this basic background of the times. Zhao Yi also spared no effort to pay attention to other new literary images. The problem of "correcting the name" of online literature from the perspective of Xianxia tradition pays attention to online literature.The choice of incision is small: Xianxia tradition, but the problem discussed is very grand: the problem of "correcting the name" of online literature. The Orientation of Adaptation and the Scale of Animation pays attention to China’s animation and thinks about the future of China’s animated films. These questions are very fashionable and fresh, and they all have a certain sense of problems. Fifteen Random Thoughts on Literary Phenomena seems to be just a few words, but in fact it shows a kind of fluidity and meticulousness of thinking, which is unique, sharp and cutting-edge. Each random thought involves a more important proposition. These random thoughts are directed at the essence of the problem, and they seem to be independent of each other, but in fact they have their own internal logic.

In the reading of orthodox literary texts, Zhao Yi also has her own unique views, and many texts even gain new vitality and glow with different colors in her interpretation. The "viewpoint and scene" part is the continuous attention to the current creation, and makes a meaningful interpretation of the new works of mature writers. The possibility of flowers is difficult, Mo Yan’s new drama: be strong and sing, and even enter a bowl of sorghum wine! The latest works of Mo Yan, Alai and Jin Yucheng are interpreted in detail in such chapters as The Wind: Reality and Fantasy in Zhou Xiaofeng’s Star Fish, Sounding with solemn compassion-The persistence and success of Alai’s Story in the Cloud, On the Long Paradigm and New Discovery of Going North, etc.

Zhao Yi’s critical style is sharp, wise and even sharp, which is unique to young people. Sometimes, compared with mature critics, it is obviously more open. Wang Binbin once mentioned in an interview, "I have never been completely reckless. When I was young, I had a lot less scruples, but now I have a lot of worries. I despise myself more and more. " Mature critics are full of worries, while young critics rely on youthful exuberance and have no scruples. This kind of freedom is not a "cool comment" to gain eyeballs and brush traffic, but a well-founded "no scruples" by daring to discuss problems, break down the barriers of the circle, and find the internal logical basis through careful logical analysis.

Contemporary criticism:

Peer Friendship and Critic’s Ruthlessness

As a young critic, Zhao Yi pays more attention to contemporary writers who are both young people, forming a typical contemporary criticism. The so-called contemporaries are "contemporaries who were born in the same period and have common historical experience, thus showing similar spiritual structure and behavior patterns". Because of the similarity of physiological structure and the convergence of spiritual structure, Zhao Yi pays great attention to the creation of his contemporaries, which shows the friendship between peers and the merciless side of critics. In her critical writing, we can find the bright spots of the younger generation, and there are also many flaws in the creation of the same generation, so as to improve the writing of young people.

A lot of content in Looking for a Person is concerned about the same generation. There are both interpretation of individual cases and analysis of phenomena. An interesting phenomenon is that many contents in the book are directly related to post-90s writing. The article How to Open the Writing of the Post-90s systematically combs the writing of the Post-90s, and The New Media Literary Life of the Post-90s pays attention to the creation of this group from the media perspective. Many other chapters also discuss this topic, forming an interesting "post-90s" criticism of "post-90s". There are also some articles that discuss the individual writing of young writers. From "Channel Tide" to "Tide", why does Ban Yu look like a logo? This paper presents a panoramic view of the creation of young writer Ban Yu. Examination and circumstantial evidence: from the witness to the space-time body-reading Zhou Kai’s Moss and the future book of detective novelists interpret Zhou Kai’s two works, both of which are in-depth case studies.

As a peer, the author can better understand the creation of young writers, and can also fully demonstrate in criticism. This not only reflects the inclusiveness of contemporary criticism, but also reveals the shining side of young writers to the greatest extent, and also has the "heartless" side of critics, who will never be soft in the face of shortcomings and direct problems. In How to Open the Writing of the Post-90s, there is a detailed analysis of the creation of various literary genres of this group, pointing out many existing problems, such as "the writer’s works are extroverted and the readers have great repetitiveness", "some young poets have given up the stylistic dignity of their poems and the completion of their stylistic spirit" and "exposed some deficiencies in comprehensive cultivation", and so on. The article "A Brief Analysis of the Lack of Lu Xun’s Literary Spirit in Youth Writing" points out the major problem of the lack of literary spirit in youth writing. There are still many articles that point out the shortcomings of Chen’s creation from the phenomenon, and many of them take young writers as examples.

The criticism system constructed by youth criticism is not only more systematic and professional in academic level, but also has a tangible flesh-and-blood connection between literature and reality established by the younger generation. Zhao Yi is not only practicing it himself, but also trying to find the common experience of one generation from the same generation, which is the unique value of contemporary criticism.

Multi-life writing:

Various dimensions and marks of literature

Zhao Yi also shows a cross-border between writing and criticism. She is a typical multi-faceted writer. She is not only engaged in original writing, but also engaged in criticism. She is also a literary worker in important positions such as Lu Xun College of Literature, People’s Literature and China Writer. Therefore, Zhao Yi has great enthusiasm for the literary scene and presided over columns in many publications to promote the development of youth criticism. For example, she once presided over the column of youth criticism in Contemporary Literary World, and invited several authors to discuss the same topic in each issue, which almost included all the young critics who were active at that time in China, and paid attention to the cutting-edge topics. In a word, the author of this book is the witness and witness of the literary world, and these experiences are the symbol of its various literature and the source of its various dimensions.

His varied writing experience makes his critical words more familiar with creation, literary scene and the essence of criticism. So far, Zhao Yi has created many novels, and this cross-border will have a far-reaching impact on his criticism. She also has a clear understanding of this phenomenon itself. In the article "Cross-border Writing: Thinking, Creation and the Orientation of the Heart", she takes Zhang Ning’s creation as an example to systematically discuss the value and significance of Zhang Ning’s novel writing as a scholar, and comprehensively observe Zhang Ning’s novel creation. Its complete literary theory system can be seen in the centralized turn of expressing thinking. And she herself has gradually moved along this cross-border path.

In addition, Zhao Yi’s literary criticism has a classical flavor, which is related to her academic background. She studied classical literature. Disciplinary barriers divide literature as a whole, and the research after opening up will encounter different scenery. In fact, Zhao Yi implied a classical perspective in his criticism, and cherished the tradition, which gave his criticism a kind of connotation. The title of the book "Looking for" is derived from the classic work of classical criticism "Wen Xin Diao Long". The so-called "looking for a move, the heart also shakes". Not only the title of the book, but also as a critic who studied China’s classical literature, the "Horizon Looking Back" part of the book mainly pays attention to China’s classical literature, and its discussion categories include Cao Zhi’s letters, Wang Bi’s metaphysics and aesthetic thought, Canglang’s poetry talk, Shi Shuo Xin Yu, Liu Yi’s poetry talk and so on. Zhao Yi can often find out the present value and significance from classical studies. For example, when discussing Ouyang Xiu’s Poems on June 1, she pointed out that "Poems on June 1 gives some inspiration and response to the question of how literature should be positioned and treated in today’s society. Literature is not just literature, but a way of life." These classical criticism practices are not only addicted to "old paper piles", but more importantly, she has brought this classical atmosphere into contemporary literary criticism, and there are classical shadows in many articles. For example, the criticism of the current new literature phenomenon "micro-literature" is mostly related to the classical tradition; The problem of "correcting the name" of online literature from the perspective of Xian Xia’s tradition also connects the research of online literature with China’s literary tradition. This treasure of tradition makes her criticism more profound.

Zhao Yi’s criticism targets are extremely wide, ranging from novels, essays to poems in genre, from literature to culture in content, from ancient times to contemporary times, and from domestic to foreign countries in space. This broad vision makes her criticism highly transitive, and it is also the embodiment of the critical creed she has always believed in: literary criticism should at least have certain academic principles and origins, keen insight and problem consciousness, be full of sincerity and goodwill, resonate with herself in the context of the times, and at the same time be desirable. In the preface of the book, Qiu Huadong said, "The significance of this collection of comments can not be ignored, because it, like the author, is a writer and witness of contemporary spirit, and it is a vivid witness of literary life. It is manifested in rich reading and multi-angle observation. It is conveyed through various discourses, and it provides a stylized study mode related to knowledge production and material research. It highlights the literary vision of young people and dares to express their opinions. The key words of witness, witness, agility, stylization, and young people are the precise summary of a young critic who lives in many places.

Searching: Dimensions and Signs of Literature

Author: Zhao Yi

Publishing House: Sichuan People’s Publishing House

Publication date: January 2022

Zhao Yi: Ph.D. student in Chinese Department of Tsinghua University, engaged in literary research and novel creation. She has won the short story nomination award of the Young Chinese Writers Award, the outstanding new work award of Beijing Literature, the literary criticism award of the Long March Literature Award, and the popular novel award of Selected Novels.

The author of this article is Liu Xiaobo: critic and deputy editor of Contemporary Literary World.

Original title: Reading | Liu Xiaobo: Color of Searching —— Comment on Zhao Yi’s Searching: Dimensions and Signs of Literature

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Author | Talk Jun

A word "yyds" can replace all praise, and a word "Juejuezi" can cover all feelings. We are losing the ability of complex expression and the desire to think deeply …

Hello, I’m talk Jun.

"Do you know what’ YYDS’ means?"

"Is the eternal god, who doesn’t know now? How convenient it is to use yyds for everything! "

When our discourse system is simplified to a few abbreviations and network stalks, we lose not only the richness of language, but also the depth and breadth of thinking.

Language is simplified, and thinking is also simplified.

If you carefully observe the current network communication, you will find that simple expressions such as "yyds" (eternal god), "xswl" (laughing me to death) and "Juejuezi" are replacing rich Chinese vocabulary.

A word "yyds" can replace all these words: wonderful, excellent, outstanding and shocking.

This simplification trend is not only reflected in the language, but also penetrated into the thinking mode.

When we use "Juejuezi" to sum up all our feelings, we no longer need to think about "where is this thing good", "why is it good" and "what feelings it brings to me".

The thinking process is compressed into a conditioned reflex.

The popularity of this expression is essentially a manifestation of "inertia of thinking". Young people are increasingly reluctant to engage in complex thinking that requires cognitive resources, and prefer simple, direct and unexplained communication.

Abstract Culture: Gentle Psychic Anesthetic

Abstract culture originated from the network subculture. At first, it was a gentle rebellion of young people against the mainstream cultural order, and the discipline was deconstructed by joking.

But now, it has evolved into a widespread cultural phenomenon.

In 2024, "abstraction" became a buzzword for young people to socialize online. They show the so-called "real and vivid self" through relaxed and funny content and unique and even "wonderful" interpretation perspective.

Different from the traditional criticism of "entertainment to death", some people think that abstract culture provides young people with an "outlet of spiritual resistance" to help them overcome routine, seriousness and even difficulties in life with self-mockery and unexpected humor.

But this "resistance" is actually a kind of abandonment. When we respond to everything with "hahaha" and "laughing to death", we are actually avoiding deep thinking about the nature of things.

Circle illusion: we are all "one of our own"

The most ingenious thing about abstract culture is that it creates an illusion of circle identity.

When you know how to use those network stems and specific expressions, you seem to have joined a secret club. Only those who know these stems can feel the happiness of being understood in the same circle. It becomes a circle identification mechanism.

Those who don’t understand these stalks are naturally excluded from the dialogue.

This layered communication creates the so-called "social code", which breaks the apathy of interpersonal relationship with symbolic interaction and promotes in-depth communication.

But this "deep communication" is actually extremely superficial. When we all use the same words and expressions, we are just repeating mechanically, and we don’t really share our unique thoughts and feelings.

Arithmetic cocoon house

Algorithm of how to kill thinking ability by traffic supremacy

The popularity of this abstract culture is not accidental, but the result of collusion with the content ecology of traffic supremacy.

Algorithm recommendation technology has been deeply integrated into various fields and scenarios. It accurately provides various services by capturing users’ daily usage data and analyzing users’ behaviors, habits and preferences.

But this technology is a "double-edged sword". The algorithm recommends that users’ preferences should be the guide, and a large number of similar content should be pushed continuously, which isolates users in a closed information space and hinders the flow of diverse information.

At the same time, the time spent reading books, newspapers and other traditional books has been greatly reduced, which directly leads to insufficient knowledge reserves and difficulty in expanding vocabulary.

When they need to express complex views and emotions, they often find themselves lacking the ability to organize and have in-depth language.

Network language is concise, vivid and interesting, and expression packs are widely used in social activities. However, long-term dependence on these expression tools will make young people’s communication single and modular, and weaken their ability to accurately express their thoughts and feelings in standardized language.

What are we losing?

When we are immersed in this simple and exciting content, we are losing some valuable abilities.

We have lost the ability to concentrate on deep reading. Fragmented reading requires interesting and concise text content, and videos and pictures are important weapons to attract readers.

Network segments only spread eye-catching superficial and easy-to-understand entertainment content, and rarely provide detailed data and facts.

We have lost the ability to think complex. When we are used to summarizing complex phenomena with simple labels, we no longer need to analyze multiple dimensions of problems and understand the complexity of things.

Most importantly, we have lost the ability to express ourselves truly. When we all use the same network expression, our personality is actually erased.

We thought we were showing ourselves, but in fact we were just repeating the collective discourse.

Neil Pozmann warned in "Entertainment to Death":

"Our politics, religion, news, sports and business are all willing to be vassals of entertainment, without complaint or even silence. As a result, we have become a species of entertainment to death."

Behind the "abstract" carnival is our escape from the complexity of life. When we use "Juejuezi" to sum up all the beauty and "emo" to refer to all the sadness, we lose the ability to experience those subtle and real emotions.

Language is not only a tool for communication, but also a framework for thinking. When we simplify language, we also simplify our thinking and our understanding of this complex world.

When we feel a sense of belonging to the same set of slang, we are actually giving up the truly unique thinking-that is our most precious thing.

What do you think of this? Welcome to leave a message in the comment area to discuss ~

– END –

Original title: "We are using" abstraction "and" stalk "to quietly abolish the brains of young people"

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1905 movie network news On the evening of November 26th, the movie Long Live was premiered in Beijing. Directors Cheng Gong, Ren Changzhen and the producers of the film appeared one by one. Go player Ke Jie also attended the premiere as a special guest to watch this documentary film. Although the host never let go of the feeling of chatting with Ke Jie and playing chess with artificial intelligence, Ke Jie returned to the movie, saying that after playing chess with artificial intelligence, he felt that life was not easy and long live life.

　

Long live life records the living conditions of more than ten ordinary Chinese in 2017. Among these people, there are female taxi drivers, street singers and couples, and uncles who pedal three rounds in Lhasa. These people who have no intersection constitute the hardships and helplessness that the film wants to tell, but everyone is silently insisting on life.

　

When talking about why he invested in such a film, producer Guo Binggang said: "As a practitioner in the industry, a director once said that in our industry, people are doing it and the sky is watching. The industry is progressing, and practitioners should provide the audience with nutritious works. Long live life is one of them. This film is kind and warm. I believe this film will go well in the future. This film can make some contributions to the industry. "

　

The two directors have worked closely together before, and the title of "Long Live" comes from a TV documentary that they collaborated on 10 years ago. Ren Changzhen, one of the directors, said that this cooperation was planted 10 years ago. She recalled that she was still a TV director who filmed celebrities instead of ordinary people, while Cheng Gong was an advertising director.

　

Recalling the filming process, Cheng Gong said that it was very easy: "It is easy to make a film. It’s very simple for us. It took three months. After 45 days. This movie is over. Very easy. " But to his surprise, the film was well received during roadshows in more than 20 cities.

　

Go player Ke Jie, as a special guest, also took the stage to talk about his feelings. Although he was also "digging a hole" by the host and talked about his experience of playing chess with artificial intelligence, Ke Jie still smiled and said that after playing with AI, he knew that life was not easy, and then said: "After playing chess with AI, I will feel that life is very beautiful, long live life."

　

The movie Long Live will be officially released on November 27th.