After the attempted "rebellion", Wagner still maintained a military presence after the ultimatum period expired?

  It has been more than half a month since the "rebellion" of Wagner, a Russian private military group, and the social security and military order in Russia have already returned to normal.

  After Wagner’s "mutiny" came to an abrupt end, Russian President Vladimir Putin pronounced Wagner’s "death penalty" in a national televised speech on June 26th, saying that Wagner would no longer be allowed to continue to maintain a military presence within the jurisdiction of Russia, and only Wagner soldiers would be allowed to join the Russian regular army, disarm and return to the fields, or go to Belarus. On the same day, Prigozhin, head of Wagner, also announced that "Wagner will eventually be dissolved" before July.

  However, Wagner’s movements since then have always been foggy, and contradictory news has been released constantly, which makes people unable to understand Wagner’s real fate. What is certain is that Wagner has remained active so far. A few days ago, Putin even proposed that Wagner be led by a military figure codenamed "White Hair" and "restore the original state".

  So, what is Wagner’s current situation? Will it continue to maintain a military presence? Is it even possible to re-participate in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict?

  What is Wagner’s current situation?

  Wagner’s recent trend is very contradictory. After being sentenced to death in late June, Wagner recently turned over weapons to the Russian Ministry of Defense, while still recruiting new soldiers.

  According to a report by the Russian Tass news agency on July 12th, the Russian Defense Ministry issued a statement on the 11th, saying that the Russian army is about to complete the work of receiving Wagner Group’s weapons and equipment. According to the data disclosed by the Russian military, Wagner handed over more than 2,000 rockets, air defense systems, armored vehicles and other heavy weapons and equipment and more than 2,500 tons of various ammunition. This statement means that Wagner has lost his fighting capacity, and Prigozhin has at least fulfilled the agreement he reached with the Russian Defense Ministry in June.

  However, Wagner is unlikely to disappear in the short term. On the contrary, after entering July, Wagner still openly recruits in Russia. According to the British "Financial Times" reported on July 5, on July 4, Wagner’s recruiter made it clear that the recruitment plan would not change because of the failure of the "rebellion", and the newly recruited soldiers still signed contracts with Wagner Group and stayed in Krasnodar Krai, Russia for training. This obviously violates the ultimatum of the Russian Ministry of National Defense that Wagner soldiers must sign contracts with the Ministry of National Defense before July 1. The Financial Times analyzed that the move of recruiting new soldiers proved that Wagner will still exist for a long time and continue to participate in Russian military affairs in some form.

  The Russian online media "остооно, Media" also quoted the famous Russian host Ksenia Sobchak (ксениясоо) on July 2nd. Sobchak said that Wagner is recruiting up to six arms, including signalmen, gunners and engineers.

  In addition, Wagner posted on the social platform Telegram on July 15 to continue recruiting soldiers: "All positions in Krasnodar Krai are still empty." Wagner also promised to pay a monthly basic salary of 240,000 rubles (about 19,025 yuan), plus bonuses and insurance.

  Did any soldiers leave?

  In his speech on June 26, Putin promised to offer Wagner soldiers three choices: joining the Russian regular army, disarming and returning to the fields or going to Belarus. In short, Putin demanded that Wagner’s military presence in Russia be banned. Did Wagner soldiers really get the right to choose, and how many people chose to leave Wagner?

  According to a report by the Russian Interfax news agency on July 2, Volodin, chairman of the Russian State Duma (lower house of parliament), posted a summary of the "attempted coup" on social platforms, claiming: "Many members of Wagner have agreed to sign contracts with the Russian Ministry of Defense and join the regular army." At present, the Russian Ministry of Defense has not announced the information of Wagner’s personnel as it announced the collection of Wagner’s weapons, nor has it seen the news that Wagner’s grassroots organizations have announced their participation in the Russian regular army. According to the Russian newspaper Kommersant reported on July 13th, Putin admitted in an interview that Prigozhin still refused to accept the proposal of adapting Wagner soldiers.

  There is no evidence that Wagner soldiers are being demobilized on a large scale. Wagner’s recruitment in Russia implies that Russian officials have not implemented the goal of banning Wagner’s military presence in Russia.

  The exact news at present is that some Wagner members did go to Belarus. According to today’s Russian TV station (RT) reported on July 16th, Wagner members are training soldiers of the Belarusian army and conducting military exercises with the Belarusian army. The Ministry of Defence of Belarus also issued a statement on July 14th, stating that Wagner would assist Belarus in formulating a "road map" for military training.

  Return to the battlefield?

  According to a report by Russia’s Kommersant on July 13th, Putin revealed in an interview that he met 35 members of the Wagner organization a few days ago, which provided them with a brand-new way out: the Wagner organization was led by the person who served as the actual commander in the past 16 months and code-named "White Hair". Putin said that under this model, "nothing will change" means that Wagner will resume the organizational model before the "rebellion", that is, continue to exist in the form of private mercenaries. To this end, Putin hinted that Wagner might be granted legal status: "This is actually a legalization issue and should be handled by the State Duma and the government."

  Reuters published an article on July 14th, saying that the military figure named "White Hair" who was appointed to take over Wagner was probably Andre Troshev (андрейтрошев). Previously, the official documents of the French Ministry of Finance and the European Union used "white hair" to refer to Troshev. In its document issued in 2021, the European Union described Troshev as "the chief executive of Wagner Organization", which is different from Putin’s claim that "Wagner was actually ‘ White hair ’ Leadership ". It is reported that Troshev served as the commander of the Russian rapid reaction force all the year round. In a photo that flowed out in 2017, Troshev took a group photo with Putin and Prigozhin. Reuters pointed out that Troshev may be Wagner appointed by Putin, and he plays the role of a liaison between Wagner and Russian troops.

  The softening of Russian official position paved the way for Wagner to maintain his military presence in Russia. Public opinion believes that Wagner is likely to rebuild his military presence in the future, and at least he will go to Africa or Syria to return to his old job and be employed by the Russian military to perform overseas military tasks. Some analysts even pointed out that Russia cannot afford to lose Wagner’s force, and Putin’s statement may have laid the groundwork for Wagner’s return to the front line of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict.

  The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) pointed out in a recent article that Wagner had already proved that it was indispensable for the Russian army in the battle of Bachmut, which lasted for almost a whole year. In the widely circulated video of Prigozhin swearing at Russian Defense Minister shoigu and Chief of General Staff gerasimov, Prigozhin accused the Russian regular army of fleeing without fighting in the suburbs of Bachmut, causing Wagner to be attacked on three sides in the frontal battlefield. Analysts believe that the Russian army is under great pressure and needs Wagner’s return.

  Sean Bell, a military scholar, analyzed that it is unwise to "exile" Wagner to Belarus for a long time, let Wagner soldiers return to the fields or dilute them into the Russian regular army. "Russia can’t bear the consequences of losing the best and most experienced soldiers in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine", so Putin is willing to soften his posture and put forward that Wagner will "return to the original state" under the leadership of "white-haired" Troshev, which means that Wagner will return to the battlefield in Russia and Ukraine as a whole in the future.

The Legend of Plague collects all the strategies to find the light of hope in the last plague.

There are 55 collections in The Legend of Plague Innocence, including 4 types. Because some collections are small and hidden, it is not easy to find, but if they appear in the field of vision, they will emit white light. Today, I will share with you a complete collection of raiders of "The Legend of Plague is Innocent", hoping to help you.

The 55 collections in this work are divided into four types: 13 plant specimens of Hugo, 11 gifts, 26 rare treasures and 5 alchemists’ wagons. At the same time, if you want platinum, you need to find these collections to unlock the relevant trophies.

The order and number of the collections in this strategy are the same as those in the [picture book] in the game, so you can check for leaks and fill in the gaps in order.

All the collections will glow with white light, so that everyone can find their location from a distance, and once they are picked up, the current progress will be saved. You can view the current collection progress and detailed information of the collected products in [Picture Book].

The only thing that is not marked in the Picture Book is the alchemist’s van. There are only five alchemist’s vans in this book. If you want to find them, you need to use the brightening agent (to create a powerful light source, which can destroy mice) to clean the mouse nest first. After successfully rescuing Lucas in Chapter 7, he will teach Amisia to make "Glazer", which is very expensive (sulfur ×3, saltpeter ×4, alcohol ×4, leather ×1), so make sure to store enough materials to be used in trucks first.

All collections (including [alchemist’s van]) will be automatically archived when they are picked up/entered (the icon of saving progress will be displayed on the interface). In other words, if you are killed later, you don’t need to pick them up again. And if you play the chapter again, you don’t need to complete the whole chapter, just pick up the collection you missed.

After you start the game, you can choose chapters. You can revisit the completed chapters to get the missing collections without worrying about missing anything.

Except Chapter 17/Postscript, all chapters contain at least one collection.

It is recommended that you finish the plot according to your preference when you are in Zhou Mu, and pick up the collections you meet on the road (you don’t need to look for them deliberately). After you finish a Zhou Mu, use 【 Chapter Selection 】 and refer to the raiders below to check for missing items.

Collection-related trophies:

① 【 Herbalist 】 found six flowers 【 Silver 】.

② [Gardener] found all the flowers [gold]

(3) 【 treasures hunter 】 found thirteen treasures 【 silver 】.

(4) 【 strange collectors 】 find all the treasures 【 gold 】.

⑤ [Sister] Find all the gifts [gold] for orphans.

⑥ 【 Resource Sharing 】 Rummaging through five alchemists’ vans 【 Copper 】.

Chapter 1-De Luen’s Legacy

Gift # 1: Near the stable. Soon after entering the manor, you can see a ladder that you can climb. You can find this collection by climbing it.

Treasure # 1: Go from the residence to the kitchen area in the back, and then climb the ladder to find it.

Treasure # 2: After going upstairs, it’s on the bed in the first room on the left.

For more related content, please pay attention to: Plague Legend: Innocent Zone

The Island issued a "fable" poster and Bo Huang LAY started fishing.

1905 movie network news Directed and directed by Bo Huang, the film starring Wang Baoqiang, Shu Qi, LAY, Yu Hewei and Wang Xun will be released nationwide on August 10th. Ten days before the release, the film The Island released a set of "Fable" posters. There are nine posters in the whole group, and everyone is in pairs, with different looks. The clothes, hairstyles and picture background all reflect the hard living environment on the island and the natural and simple lifestyle of people living on a desert island. At the top of each poster, there are two four-character idioms, which are profound and thought-provoking, and the complex relationship between characters is also beginning to take shape.

 

Bo Huang’s attempt to kiss Wang Baoqiang was rejected, and Yu Hewei Wang Xun was funny and funny.

It is reported that the film The Island tells an allegorical story about the employees of the company who were shipwrecked on a group trip and were forced to live together on a desert island, and faced a series of "human nature" problems. In the film, Bo Huang plays Ma Jin, a clerk at the bottom of the company, Wang Baoqiang plays Xiao Wang, a tour guide and driver, Shu Qi plays Shanshan, a beautiful and enchanting public lover, and LAY, Yu Hewei and Wang Xun respectively play Ma Jin’s cousin Xiaoxing, the boss Zhang Zonghe and the company’s middle-level director Pan.

In the poster, Wang Baoqiang stood on the reef in high spirits, showing his leadership style, while Bo Huang crouched down and peeped secretly. At the top of the poster, the sentence "There is an eagle on his head and a wolf at his feet" seems to imply that Wang Baoqiang was attacked from front and back, and his leadership position is about to be lost. Bo Huang and Yu Hewei are hiding in the jungle, and their expressions are mysterious. It is not clear that they are plotting something and who will be the beneficiary. After spying, Bo Huang tried to hug and kiss Wang Baoqiang, but Wang Baoqiang resisted. The word "friend or foe" in the poster showed that the two men belonged to different camps, and the secrets were curious. At the same time, Yu Hewei and Wang Xun, once top executives of the company, are now in rags and unkempt appearance. Wang Xun even wears only a big vest, while Yu Hewei doesn’t forget to drink with a goblet in such a situation. The phrase "Let go of self-esteem and stick to principles" may reflect their mood at the moment.

 

Bo Huang LAY started from scratch by fishing, and Huang Bo helped Shu Qi to shampoo and show his tenderness.

Two posters of Bo Huang and LAY vividly show the living conditions of people on a desert island, that is, "unarmed, starting from scratch", but the phrase "poverty makes perfect, and poverty can make up for it" seems to imply that Ma Jin and Xiaoxing, the bottom figures, will have a turn for the better on the island.

Unlike the mysterious posters between men, the two posters featuring Bo Huang and Shu Qi are much sweeter in style. Shu Qi wore a skirt cut with blue and white sheets and a garland. Even if she was on a desert island, she couldn’t cover her beauty, while Bo Huang smiled and compared her fingers to a photo frame, making no secret of the joy of being in close contact with her dream lover. In the warm candlelight, Bo Huang helps Shu Qi to wash and dress her long hair intently, and her eyes are full of tenderness. What kind of sparks will they have on this desert island?

The General Administration of Market Supervision exposed 10 cases of illegal advertising involving guidance.

  Cctv newsAccording to the news of WeChat official account WeChat, since 2022, the General Administration of Market Supervision has organized the rectification of commercial marketing hype of the top 20 borrowers, and instructed all localities to strictly and promptly investigate and deal with marketing hype and other advertising violations that damage national dignity, hinder social stability, hinder social public order and violate social good manners with a zero-tolerance attitude. Ten typical cases that have been completed are now selected for exposure.

  First, Liaocheng yanggu county Central Hospital released 20 cases of illegal advertisements involving the party.

  According to a survey conducted by the Market Supervision Bureau of Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, yanggu county Central Hospital posted on its WeChat WeChat official account a message containing "Welcome to the 20 Great Endeavors, New Journey to Welcome the Party’s 20 Great Victory, Celebrate the 101st Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC), and the Digestive Endoscopy Room of yanggu county Central Hospital is now developed for enterprises, institutions or families in yanggu county ‘ Group style ’ Painless gastrointestinal endoscopy activities "and other content of advertising, marketing hype in the name of the party’s 20, the above behavior violates the relevant provisions of the Advertising Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC).

  On September 28th, 2022, Liaocheng Market Supervision Bureau imposed an administrative penalty of 200,000 yuan on yanggu county Central Hospital.

  Second, the Third People’s Hospital of Hengshui released the top 20 illegal advertising cases involving the party.

  According to the investigation by the Market Supervision Bureau of Hengshui City, Hebei Province, the Third People’s Hospital of Hengshui City posted an advertisement on WeChat WeChat official account with the contents of "Welcome to the 20th National Congress, Early Diagnosis and Treatment, and the preferential storm of the anti-cancer medical examination package strikes", and used the name of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China for marketing hype, which violated the relevant provisions of the Advertising Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC).

  On September 23, 2022, Hengshui Municipal Market Supervision Bureau imposed an administrative penalty of 200,000 yuan on Hengshui Third People’s Hospital.

  3. Jiaxing Zhongtang Liquor Co., Ltd. issued an illegal advertising case involving the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Party.

  The market supervision bureau of renhuai city City, Guizhou Province found out that Zhejiang Jiaxing Zhongtang Liquor Co., Ltd. customized the production of "Guotai Lizan 100" wine in Guizhou Guotai Liquor Sales Co., Ltd., and the customized "Guotai Lizan 100" wine package was printed with the ship-shaped pattern of "Lizan 100 Wine" and the words "1921-2021", which violated the above-mentioned behavior.

  On March 24th, 2022, renhuai city Municipal Market Supervision Bureau imposed an administrative penalty of 1 million yuan on Jiaxing Zhongtang Liquor Co., Ltd..

  Iv. the case of illegal advertisement issued by archik Hitachi household appliances (Shanghai) co., ltd.

  Shanghai Pudong New Area Market Supervision Bureau investigated and found out that Akilik Hitachi Household Appliances (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. released a document containing "‘ July 7th Festival ’ Electrical appliances promotion "and other content of advertising, in the name of" July 7th Festival "to carry out advertising promotion activities, damage China’s national dignity, the above behavior violates the relevant provisions of the Advertising Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC).

  On January 5, 2023, Shanghai Pudong New Area Market Supervision Bureau imposed an administrative penalty of 600,000 yuan on Achillek Hitachi Household Appliances (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. according to law.

  V. Shaanxi Yongbeida E-Commerce Co., Ltd. issued a case of illegal advertising in the name of state organs and state organ staff.

  The investigation by Xi ‘an Market Supervision Bureau of Shaanxi Province found that Shaanxi Yongbeida E-Commerce Co., Ltd. posted an advertisement on its WeChat WeChat official account in the form of live broadcast to promote the related products of Hanzhong Guganlian Organic Agriculture Development Co., Ltd., and used the name or image of state organs and state organ staff to promote the marketing of Fuping Moyu circular souvenirs without authorization, which violated the relevant provisions of the Advertising Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC).

  On December 5, 2022, Xi ‘an Municipal Market Supervision Bureau imposed an administrative penalty of 450,000 yuan on Shaanxi Yongbeida E-Commerce Co., Ltd. according to law.

  6. Sichuan Hefeng Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. issued an illegal advertising case.

  According to the investigation of Shuangliu District Market Supervision Bureau in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, Sichuan Hefeng Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. released the essence of the four famous lakes … … Nanhu District (Phase III) not only has charming scenery, but also witnessed the birth of the Communist Party of China (CPC) ".In the case that the" Nanhu "where the project is located has no actual connection with Jiaxing Nanhu and the Party’s first class, it creates gimmicks and hypes, which violates the relevant provisions of the Advertising Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC).

  On March 1, 2022, Chengdu Shuangliu District Market Supervision Bureau imposed an administrative penalty of 602,160 yuan on Sichuan Hefeng Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. according to law.

  7. Hefei Jieshijie New Materials Co., Ltd. issued an illegal advertisement case of irregular China map.

  According to the investigation of Hefei Market Supervision Bureau, Hefei Jieshijie New Materials Co., Ltd. omitted to draw Taiwan Province Province, Diaoyu Island, Dongweiyu Island, Nanhai Islands and Jiu Duan Line on the map of China used in its advertisement in official website, and at the same time, there were some problems such as blocking and covering the national boundary, which damaged the national dignity. The above behavior violated the relevant provisions of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Advertising Law.

  On October 24, 2022, Hefei Municipal Market Supervision Bureau imposed an administrative penalty of 200,000 yuan on Hefei Jieshijie New Materials Co., Ltd. according to law.

  8. Shanxi Shanjiangcun Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. issued an illegal advertisement case involving the crash of China Eastern Airlines.

  According to the investigation of Jinzhou Market Supervision Bureau of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Shanjiangcun Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. used the hot news of the loss of flight MU5735 to publish the advertisement of "Newly-built Fudi" real estate with the elements of the event through WeChat friends circle, which violated the good social customs and violated the relevant provisions of the Advertising Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC).

  On June 13th, 2022, Jinzhou Municipal Market Supervision Bureau imposed an administrative penalty of 500,000 yuan on Shanxi Shanjiangcun Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. according to law.

  IX. Xi ‘an Tiansong Catering Co., Ltd. issued an illegal advertisement case involving the crash of China Eastern Airlines.

  According to the investigation of Xi ‘an Market Supervision Bureau, Xi ‘an Tiansong Catering Co., Ltd. posted a message on its WeChat WeChat official account containing "On March 21st, everyone in Xi ‘an received both bad news and good news. Bad news On March 21st, at 14: 20 noon, China Eastern Airlines flight MU5735 lost its connection over Wuzhou, Guangxi … … The good news is that the new round of epidemic in Xi ‘an has come to an end, and the advertisements such as "We can have dinner in class, and we will resume work in an all-round way on March 22nd" violate the good social customs, and the above behaviors violate the relevant provisions of the Advertising Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC).

  On June 28th, 2022, Xi ‘an Municipal Market Supervision Bureau imposed an administrative penalty of 430,000 yuan on Xi ‘an Tiansong Catering Co., Ltd. according to law.

  X. Illegal advertising case of Jiangxi Renhetang Pharmaceutical Chain Co., Ltd. and Jiangxi Huikang Technology Co., Ltd.

  The market supervision bureau of Zhangshu City, Jiangxi Province found out that Jiangxi Renhetang Pharmaceutical Chain Co., Ltd. entrusted Jiangxi Huikang Technology Co., Ltd. to provide services such as operation, planning, promotion and sales for women’s personal care and maintenance products. When Jiangxi Huikang Technology Co., Ltd. promoted and sold "Fuyanjie Hyaluronic Acid Rose Nourishing Lotion" in the official flagship store of Tmall, it used a lot of vulgar, vulgar and kitsch words in the advertising of the product details page, which harmed women’s dignity and violated the good social customs. The above behavior violated the relevant provisions of the Advertising Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC).

  On August 18th, 2022, Zhangshu Market Supervision Bureau imposed an administrative penalty of 800,000 yuan on Jiangxi Huikang Technology Co., Ltd. and 500,000 yuan on Jiangxi Renhetang Pharmaceutical Chain Co., Ltd..

The five major scenes of "First Love in a Cycle" are full of suspense and brain-burning, but the mobile phone and snacks have all passed through.

The first love in a cycle was launched, which attracted a large audience with its unique story and suspenseful plot.

First Love in Cycle is adapted from DTT’s best-selling novel The Time Machine, which mainly tells the sweet adventures of Ye Youning and Sunflower Girl. No matter in which time and space, they all have an intersection, which confirms the title of "circular first love" Ye Youning traveled back to the time and space in 2006, which was also his happiest and most carefree time and space. In that time and space, he and Xia Wenxi were deskmates, and they were also each other’s first love.

However, many netizens said that "First Love in a Cycle" hit "I Want to See You". It is best not to use double speed when watching this drama, otherwise the plot will not connect. The man and the woman are talking in different time and space, relying on a mobile phone. Something happened in 2006 changed the status quo of the man in 2019, so the man in 2019 asked the woman to stop the man in 2006. The acting skills of Shi Baiyu and Amy are also very natural, and the scenes of their student days are not inconsistent at all.

There are only 24 episodes of "First Love in a Cycle", and there are already five scenes in the middle of the series. Let’s find them together.

The first shot: the sun shines while it thunders.

Ye Youning traveled through the time and space in 2006, and he once again became a deskmate with the hostess Xia Wenxi. In the time and space of 2006, he couldn’t attend class with peace of mind, and he was worried about his real grandfather.

Ye Youning has been thinking about how to cross back, and he told Xia Wenxi about it. As a result, Xia Wenxi of Grade Two actually believed it, and the two of them tried many ways together.

One day, Ye Youning went home early and wanted to cross back. At this time, there was lightning and thunder. Ye Youning said goodbye to his grandfather and ran to his house to wait for the good news. As a result, he did not cross back. In addition, Mr. Wang in the class announced that Ye Youning got 143 points, another got 135 points, and the rest didn’t do well.

If you look closely, you will see that it thunders and the sun shines high. This is the same place. Obviously, this is a goof shot.

The second goof shot: the physical book has also passed through?

In 2006, Ye Youning was bent on crossing back to reality, and as a result, he had a small car accident and lost his memory. Ye Youning of Time and Space in 2019 got in touch with Xia Wenxi in 2006. Ye Youning of Time and Space in 2019 told Xia Wenxi that he must stop Ye Youning of Time and Space in 2006 from attending the physics lecture. Xia Wenxi tried every means to obstruct after receiving the task.

Once she ran to the bookstore, a quick shot flashed in the bookstore, that is, the novel "Time Machine", which is the original work of "First Love in a Cycle".

The time and space was in 2006, and the novel Time Machine was published in May 2010. Obviously, this is also a goof shot. The man not only passed through, but also the physical book. This brain hole is also big enough.

The third shot: Wang satiated online celebrity snacks also crossed.

Xia Wenxi wants Ye Youning to join the basketball team, but Ye Youning doesn’t want to. At that time, they were all in time and space in 2006. In order for Ye Youning to take part in the competition, Xia Wenxi thought of many ways that didn’t work. I had to impress Ye Youning with delicious food, so the monitor gave her a score.

Pay attention to their time and space in 2006, while online celebrity Snack King has been a snack for nearly two years, which is probably around 2018. It seems that online celebrity snacks have also crossed!

The fourth shot: Bicycles run faster than buses?

Tingting, the female number two, is a schoolmaster. She likes the male number two silently. One morning, Tingting got on the bus. Outside the window, Male No.2 was riding a bicycle.

Tingting, with a happy face, expressed her unrequited love very vividly. If you take a closer look, you will see that Tingting’s bus is almost at the same speed as that of Male Two’s bike. This goof is speechless. It may be parallel for a few seconds, but then the bus is much faster. It should be that the crew dozed off and forgot to show this shot.

The fifth goof shot: Can mobile phones send questions in 2006?

In 2006, how Xia Wenxi persuaded Ye Youning in time and space, he didn’t have a heart, and he wouldn’t take part in the basketball game. So, she had a brainwave and let Ye Youning in 2019 debut, which may be difficult for him.

Sure enough, Ye Youning of Time and Space in 2019 gave a question, and the answer was 0. Indeed, in 2006, Ye Youning of Time and Space got the wrong answer and was willing to admit defeat, so Ye Youning had to take part in the competition.

However, in 2006, the mobile phone was not a smart machine, so it was impossible to send a question at all. Xiaobian had to laugh for three seconds for this shot.

Qiushi. com commentator: accelerate the construction of a new development pattern

  "Building a new development pattern with the domestic big cycle as the main body and the domestic and international double cycles promoting each other is a major decision made according to the changes in China’s development stage, environment and conditions, especially based on the changes in China’s comparative advantages."

  In the important speech recently published by Qiushi magazine, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader, "Implementing the new development concept in the new development stage will inevitably require the construction of a new development pattern", General Secretary of the Supreme Leader comprehensively analyzed and explained the construction of a new development pattern, and asked the whole party to accurately grasp the strategic concept of accelerating the construction of a new development pattern from a global and strategic perspective. The general secretary pointed out that building a new development pattern is "a first move to grasp the initiative of development, not a forced move or an expedient measure", "an open domestic and international double cycle, not a closed domestic single cycle" and "a domestic large cycle based on a unified national market as the main body, not a small self-cycle everywhere". The general secretary stressed that building a new development pattern "is a systematic and deep-seated change that concerns the overall situation, and a strategic plan based on the present and with a long-term perspective". Fundamentally speaking, "it is an inevitable choice to adapt to the requirements of China’s new stage of development and shape new advantages in international cooperation and competition".

  Building a new development pattern is a systematic project. It is necessary to "focus on the top", strengthen strategic planning and top-level design, and "divide it into details" to grasp the focus of work.

  "Accelerate the cultivation of a complete domestic demand system".This is an important foundation for unblocking the national economic cycle and strengthening the main position of the domestic big cycle. Market resources are China’s great advantage, and we must constantly consolidate and strengthen this advantage to provide strong support for building a new development pattern. It is necessary to promote deep-seated reform and strengthen policy guidance, and strive to get through the key blocking points that restrict the economic cycle; Taking meeting domestic demand as the basic foothold, we will form a higher level dynamic balance of demand pulling supply and supply creating demand; Strengthen the construction of modern circulation system and lay a solid foundation for domestic and international double circulation.

  "Accelerate the self-reliance and self-improvement of science and technology".This is the key to ensure the smooth domestic circulation and shape China’s new advantages in the international circulation. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has repeatedly stressed that the most essential feature of building a new development pattern is to achieve a high level of self-reliance and self-improvement. We should understand this issue from the perspective of survival and development, comprehensively strengthen the deployment of scientific and technological innovation, and give full play to the supporting role of science and technology. It is necessary to lay a solid foundation for key core technologies and accelerate the capture of "stuck neck" technologies in important fields; Fully stimulate the innovation vitality of talents, create more world-class leading scientific and technological talents and innovative teams, and cultivate a reserve army of young scientific and technological talents with international competitiveness.

  "Promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial chain supply chain".This is an urgent need to stabilize the main position of the domestic big cycle and enhance the driving ability in the international big cycle. Manufacturing is the lifeblood of China’s economy, the foundation of the country and the foundation of a strong country. This time, China’s complete manufacturing system has played a vital supporting role in the fight against the COVID-19 epidemic, which once again proves the significance of manufacturing to the development and security of the country, especially big countries. We should attach more importance to enhancing the toughness and competitiveness of the industrial chain, and strive to build an independent, controllable, safe and efficient industrial chain supply chain; Take effective measures to improve the embeddedness of enterprises and promote the orderly transfer of industries in China.

  "Promote the modernization of agriculture and rural areas".Urban-rural economic cycle is an important aspect of domestic macro-cycle, and it is also a key factor to ensure the healthy relationship between domestic and international two cycles. If the nation is to be revived, the countryside will be revitalized. Realizing the modernization of agriculture and rural areas is an important task of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way and an inevitable requirement to solve the problem of insufficient development imbalance. We must persist in taking solving the "three rural issues" as the top priority of the whole party’s work and fully implement the rural revitalization strategy; Realize the effective connection between consolidating and expanding the achievements of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization, and promote economic and social development and improvement of people’s lives; Persist in promoting the structural reform of agricultural supply side, and strengthen the construction of grain production functional areas, important agricultural product production protection areas and characteristic agricultural product advantage areas; Ensure that the grain is basically self-sufficient and the rations are absolutely safe, and ensure that Chinese’s rice bowl is firmly in his own hands.

  "Improve people’s quality of life".This is the starting point and the end result of the smooth domestic circulation, and it is also the key connection point for the mutual promotion of domestic and international double circulation. Everything our party has done is to make people’s lives happier and more dignified. It is the fundamental purpose of socialist production to adapt to the changes in people’s needs, strive to run various livelihood undertakings well, and make people’s lives better and better. It is necessary to adhere to the principle of distribution according to work and the coexistence of various modes of distribution, effectively protect the treatment and rights of workers, and continuously expand middle-income groups; Adhere to the problem orientation, do our best and do what we can, solidly promote common prosperity, and constantly enhance the people’s sense of acquisition, happiness and security.

  "firmly hold the bottom line of safe development."This is an important prerequisite and guarantee for building a new development pattern, and it is also the proper meaning in the problem of unblocking the domestic big cycle. Security is the premise of development, and development is the guarantee of security. We must adhere to the overall concept of national security, adhere to the supremacy of national interests, take people’s security as the purpose, take political security as the foundation, and strengthen the national security system and capacity building; Grasp the relationship between openness and security, weave an open safety net tightly, and enhance the ability to dynamically safeguard national security in the opening environment; Put the protection of people’s lives and safety in the first place, comprehensively improve the ability of public security, and promote people’s living and working in peace and contentment, social stability and order, and long-term national stability.

  (Editor: Yin Xia, Chen Yilin)

National Catalogue of Excellent Crop Varieties Promotion (2023)

Foreword

  Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has attached great importance to seed industry, and repeatedly stressed the need to make up his mind to develop national seed industry and ensure national food security from the source. When the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader presided over the deliberation of the seed industry revitalization action plan in 2021, he emphasized that agricultural modernization is based on seeds, and the safety of seed sources should be raised to a strategic level related to national security. The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the important task of accelerating the construction of a strong agricultural country and consolidating the foundation of food security in all directions, and called for in-depth implementation of the seed industry revitalization action. At the Central Rural Work Conference in 2022, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that the seed industry revitalization action should be effectively achieved and the home-grown varieties should be firmly in their own hands. These important instructions and strategic arrangements have pointed out the way forward and provided fundamental follow-up for promoting the revitalization of seed industry in the new era and new journey.

  In recent years, it is an important period for the rapid development of seed industry in China. The vitality of breeding innovation has been released and the pace of variety breeding has been obviously accelerated. In terms of the number of varieties, the number of approved varieties has increased greatly, providing more varieties for agricultural production; In terms of variety quality, high-quality green varieties are accelerated, which provides an important variety guarantee to meet the needs of people’s better life; In terms of variety types, special varieties have been approved one after another, which provides strong variety support for adapting to the transformation of agricultural production mode. At the same time, we should also see that with the rapid growth of the number of varieties, the problem of homogenization of varieties has become increasingly prominent, which is not conducive to the innovation and upgrading of varieties, but also brings difficulties to farmers’ scientific selection and use of seeds.

  Ensuring the stable and safe supply of grain and important agricultural products has always been a top priority in building an agricultural power, and breeding and popularizing excellent varieties plays an important role in achieving this major strategic goal. In order to speed up the popularization and application of excellent varieties, improve the yield and quality level, and help guide farmers to select seeds scientifically and use seeds correctly, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs has decided to compile and publish a national catalogue for the promotion of excellent varieties of crops from 2023, effectively guiding the industry to focus on demand breeding innovation and speeding up the upgrading of varieties.

I. General situation

  In 2023, this catalogue will release 10 kinds of crops, including rice, wheat, corn, soybean, cotton, rape, peanut, potato, Chinese cabbage and cabbage, focusing on classification to guide the popularization and application of crop varieties. The released varieties include four types, including backbone type, growth type, emerging type and special type, forming a relatively complete variety promotion echelon to better serve the needs of agricultural seeds and farmers’ seed selection.

  The backbone varieties have been approved (registered) for more than five years, the main grain, cotton and oil varieties have entered the top 10 in the suitable ecological area for three consecutive years, and the key vegetable varieties have entered the fifth place in the country for three consecutive years.

  The growing variety has been approved (registered) for promotion for more than three years, and has outstanding performance in the national core exhibition base or provincial exhibition evaluation. The promotion area has increased rapidly, and it has entered the top 30 in the suitable ecological area (grain, cotton and oil) or the national (key vegetables), and is expected to grow into a backbone variety.

  The budding variety is approved (registered) and popularized within three years, with good yield, resistance and quality, excellent comprehensive characters, excellent performance in the national core exhibition base or provincial exhibition evaluation, and great market potential. The formation enterprise or the integrated enterprise of breeding, breeding and promotion plans to promote it, and it is expected to further become a growing and backbone variety.

  Specially-specialized varieties are newly approved (registered), meet the consumption needs of diversified markets, and can significantly improve the utilization rate of resources such as land, fertilizer, water, light and temperature, or have made breakthroughs and qualitative improvements in yield, resistance, quality, growth period, mechanization and new farming systems (such as ratooning rice and strip compound planting).

  According to the above classification principle, based on the data of variety test, exhibition evaluation, statistics of main varieties’ extension area and production and operation of seed enterprises, recommended by provincial seed industry management departments and selected by experts, a total of 241 excellent varieties were introduced in 2023, including 36 rice, 29 wheat, 32 corn, 13 cotton, 22 soybeans, 26 rapeseed, 22 peanuts, 20 potatoes and 21 Chinese cabbage.

Second, rice varieties

  (a) backbone varieties (10)

  Longjing 31, Nanjing 9108, Huang Huazhan, Jingliangyou 534, Jingliangyou Huazhan, Zhongjiazao 17, Longliangyou Huazhan, Quanyou 822, Yixiangyou 2115 and Meixiangzhan 2.

  (2) Growing varieties (9)

  Suijing 27, Jingliangyou 8612, Longliangyou 534, Yexiang Youlisi, Zhongzao 39, Quanyou Silk Miao, Quanliangyou Silk Miao, Yongyou 1540 and Nanjing 5718.

  (3) Emergent varieties (15 varieties)

  Weiliangyou 7713, Chuankangyou 2115, Taiyou 808, Weiliangyou 8612, Liangyou 5078, Tsuen Liangyou 069, Zhongzheyou H7, Tsuen Liangyou 1606, Yulongyou 1611, Jiuyou27, Huazheyou 210, Zhuoliangyou 1126, Ningxiangjing No.9 and Qing Xiang Youxiang No.19.

  (4) Specially specialized varieties (2)

  Hanyou 73 (water-saving and drought-resistant rice) and Fengliang You Xiang No.1 (ratooning rice).

Third, wheat varieties

  (a) backbone varieties (10)

  Jimai 22, Bainong 207, Xinong 979, Zhengmai 379, Shan Nong 28, Luyuan 502, Chuanmai 104, Zhenmai 12, Zhongmai 175 and Zhongmai 1062.

  (2) Growing varieties (8)

  Jimai 44, Bainong 4199, Xinong 511, Zhoumai 36, Chuanmai 605, Ningmai 26, Luohan 22 and Zhongmai 36.

  (3) Emergent varieties (9)

  Zhongmai 578, Aimai 180, Jimai 765, Lunxuan 49, Chuanfu 14, Chuanmai 93, Young Mai 33, Huamai 11 and Weimai 9.

  (4) Specially specialized varieties (2)

  Jingmai 188 (salt-tolerant wheat) and Xiaoyan 60 (salt-tolerant wheat).

Fourth, corn varieties

  (A) backbone varieties (11)

  Zheng Dan 958, Xianyu 335, Jingke 968, denghai 605, Demeiya 1, Demeiya 3, Heyu 187, SEAO 29, Jingnongke 728, Zhongdan 808 and Zhengda 808.

  (2) Growing varieties (8)

  Yufeng 303, Zhongke Yu 505, Zhengyuanyu 432, Dongdan 1331, Youdi 919, Qiule 368, Xianda 901, MC121.

  (3) Emergent varieties (8)

  Jingke 999, Agricultural University 778, Xinghui 908, Zhongyu 303, Luodan 297, Shandan 650, Xiangyu 878 and Tie391.

  (4) Specially specialized varieties (5)

  Jingkenuo 2000 (fresh waxy corn), Wannuo 2000 (fresh waxy corn), Jinguan 218 (fresh sweet corn), Beinong Silage 368 (silage corn) and Shenbao 6 (popcorn).

Five,Soybean varieties

  (a) backbone varieties (10)

  Heihe 43, Qihuang 34, Keshan 1, Dengke 5, Zhonghuang 13, Jinyuan 55, Jidou 12, Henong 95, Dongnong 63 and Huajiang 2.

  (2) Growing varieties (6)

  Suinong 52, Heinong 84, Zhonghuang 901, Mengdou 1137, Hedou 33 and Henong 85.

  (3) Emergent varieties (2)

  Sui Nong 94, Zheng 1307.

  (4) Specially specialized varieties (4)

  Suitable for soybean and corn strip compound planting: Handou 13, Xudou 18, Nanxiadao 25 and Jidou 17.

Six, rape varieties

  (a) backbone varieties (9)

  Fengyou 737, Fengyou 730, Huayouza 62, zhongshuang 11, Huayouza 9, Sunshine 2009, Qinyou 10, Zheyou 50 and Qingza 5.

  (2) Growing varieties (6)

  Qingyou 3, Zhongyouza 19, Dadi 199, Huayouza 50, Ganyouza 8 and Qingza 12.

  (3) Emergent varieties (6)

  Zhongyouza 501, Changyou 777, Chuanyou 81, Qinyou 1618, Ningza 182 and Baoyou 150.

  (4) Specially specialized varieties (5)

  Sunshine 131 (short-growing rape), Fengyou 320 (short-growing rape), Huayouza 62R (clubroot-resistant rape), Huayou 2129 (high-oleic rape) and Kangyou 3 (yellow-seeded high-oleic rape).

Seven, peanut varieties

  (a) backbone varieties (9)

  Shanhua 9, Yuhua 37, Shanhua 7, Yuanza 9102, Huayu 23, Yuhua 23, Huayu 25, Wanhua 2 and Zhongkaihua 1.

  (2) Growing varieties (4)

  Yuhua No.22, Kainong No.71, Jihua No.19 and Fuyu are four red.

  (3) Emergent varieties (5)

  Hanghua 2, Yuhua 18, Tianfu 33, Yuhua 93 and Zhonghua 215.

  (4) Specially specialized varieties (4)

  Jihuatian No.1 (high sugar content fresh food), Shuhua No.9 (high sugar content fresh food), Jihua No.23 (extra-early-maturing variety) and Yuhua No.29 (black peanut variety).

Eight, cotton varieties 

  (a) backbone varieties (5)

  Lumianyan 37, Xinluzhong 67, Xinluzhong 66, Huiyuan 720 and Hua Zamian H318.

  (2) Growing varieties (3)

  Tahe 2, Xinluzao 84 and Xinluzhong 87.

  (3) Emergent varieties (2)

  Zhong 7700 and Zhongshengmian 17.

  (4) Specially specialized varieties (3)

  Yuanmianxin 13305 (machine-harvested variety), Gangzamian 10 (special high-strength variety) and Zhongmian 425 (early-maturing variety).

Nine, potato varieties

  (a) backbone varieties (4)

  Feiwuruita, Jizhangshu No.12, Longshu No.7, Atlantic Ocean.

  (2) Growing varieties (6)

  Lishu 6, Zhongshu 5, Jinshu 16, Longshu 10, Xisen 6 and Yunshu 505.

  (3) Emergent varieties (6)

  Zhongshu 27, Zhongshuzao 35, Longshu 12, Minshu 1, Qianyu 8 and Hubei Potato 16.

  (4) Specially specialized varieties (4)

  Zhongshuzao 39 (fresh, starch-processed variety), Dongnong 310 (starch-processed variety), Kexin 30 (fresh, fried chips and fried strips) and Yunshu 304 (fried chips, fried strips and zinc-rich potato chips).

X. Varieties of Chinese Cabbage

  (a) backbone varieties (9)

  Improved Qingza No.3, Jiaoshu Qiuqiu Wang, Zaoshu No.5, Xixing 90, Jingqiu No.3, Niupai No.19, Hualiang 836, Xixing 78 and Jingyan Kuaicai No.2..

  (2) Growing varieties (8)

  Jingyan Fast Food, CR117, Xiaoyi Heqiu, Xinxiang Xiaobao 23, Qinghua 76, Hualiang 2000, Qiulv 60 and Youlv 3.

  (3) Emergent varieties (2)

  Sagitar 8, Jingqiu 1518.

  (4) Specially specialized varieties (2)

  Dongguan 097 (high taste quality variety) and Lvzhu70 (high taste quality variety).

Eleven, cabbage varieties

  (a) backbone varieties (3)

  Jingfeng 1, Zhonggan 11 and Zhonggan 21.

  (2) Growing varieties (8)

  Zhonggan 8398, Zhonggan 628, Zhonggan 56, Zhonggan 15, Chunfeng, Zhengchun, Xiyuan No.4 and Qiushi No.1..

  (3) Emergent varieties (9)

  YR zhonggan 21, zhonggan 1305, xinggan 23, bright ball, shuanghuan 60, prospect 2, full moon 55, xinggan 279 and chunfeng 007.

  

  

  See the annex for the text.

Member Wang Xiulin: There are three main problems in the integration of urban and rural sanitation.

  Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, March 7 (Reporter Pan Linqing) Wang Xiulin, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and vice chairman of Qingdao Municipal Political Consultative Conference, pointed out that the integration of urban and rural sanitation is a livelihood project to meet people’s expectations and improve rural living environment. In recent years, the integration of urban and rural sanitation in China has improved significantly, but management still needs to be further strengthened.

  Wang Xiulin said that at present, there are three main problems in the integration of urban and rural sanitation. First, there are double standards in urban and rural areas in environmental governance, and there is a lack of overall planning; Second, the comprehensive management of urban and rural environment "Jiulong Water Control", planning, construction, environmental protection, water conservancy, agriculture and other departments "all manage one pool", it is difficult to form a joint force; Third, the disclosure of environmental protection information is restricted.

  Wang Xiulin suggested that the overall standards for urban and rural sanitation management should be established, the urban-rural and regional divisions should be effectively broken, and unified standards for planning, construction, operation, monitoring, governance and emergency should be realized for sewage treatment and garbage disposal. We should earnestly establish the concept of "green development" among leading cadres at all levels, especially the main leaders of provinces and cities, establish a system of joint departmental meetings, strengthen the cooperation and linkage of planning, construction, public utilities, agriculture, environmental protection, publicity and other departments, pay close attention to supervision and assessment, and strengthen the accountability of accidents.

  Wang Xiulin proposed to improve the environmental information disclosure mechanism. For example, we can speed up the transformation of the environmental monitoring system model, establish a data warehouse that meets the requirements of the real-time "full monitoring" model on the premise of realizing the unified standards and interconnection of monitoring statistical data management systems in environmental protection, water conservancy, agriculture and other departments, and coordinate the layout of environmental monitoring stations such as regional pollution sources and key river basins, so as to integrate and upgrade the current "segmented monitoring" system into a unified and real-time "full monitoring".

Improve the unified, standardized and fair judicial expertise system.

  [Introduction to the author]Professor of China University of Political Science and Law, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in criminal procedure law research; Associate Professor, Doctor of Law, China University of Political Science and Law.

  [article source]China Judicial Appraisal, No.3, 2015

  [executive summary]Deepening the reform of judicial expertise system is an important content of comprehensively promoting the rule of law and deepening the reform of judicial system. However, at present, the management of the judicial expertise system still restricts the further development of the unified management system of judicial expertise, such as the business scope of the appraisal institutions in the investigation organs and the roster management of the judicial organs. In terms of the implementation procedure of judicial expertise, the problems related to the entrustment and acceptance of judicial expertise, the technical standards and specifications adopted, and the expert responsibility system are still outstanding; In the aspect of litigation procedure, the problems related to the initiation, cross-examination and re-appraisal of judicial expertise have not been well solved. This means that there is still a big obstacle to the development of the unified, standardized and fair judicial expertise system in China, and it is necessary to further improve the unified judicial expertise management system, the standardized judicial expertise implementation procedures and the fair judicial expertise litigation procedures.

  [Keywords:]Judicial expertise, expertise management, expertise implementation procedures, expertise litigation procedures

  Judicial expertise is not only an important part of the judicial system, but also a judicial guarantee system. Judicial expertise serves litigation activities and provides scientific and technical guarantee for fair justice. Its perfection is directly related to the realization of judicial justice, so it has always been the focus of judicial reform. The Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform and the Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comprehensively Promoting the Rule of Law adopted by the Third Plenary Session and the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee require deepening the reform of the judicial system, improving the unified judicial expertise management system, speeding up the construction of a fair, efficient and authoritative socialist judicial system, and making the people feel fair and just in every judicial case. Based on the main problems encountered in the reform of judicial expertise system in recent years, this paper puts forward some ideas to improve the judicial expertise system under the background of comprehensively promoting the rule of law. In view of the fact that the reform of judicial expertise system needs the overall promotion and coordination of litigation system, evidence system and administrative management system, this paper discusses it from three aspects: unified management of judicial expertise, implementation procedure of judicial expertise and litigation procedure of judicial expertise.

  A sound and unified management system of judicial expertise

  There have been two major drawbacks in the management of judicial expertise in China: first, the establishment of judicial expertise institutions is chaotic; Second, the practice management of judicial authentication institutions is decentralized, which leads to repeated authentication and multiple authentication. Faced with many appraisal opinions with different conclusions, the public security and judicial organs generally tend to trust and adopt the appraisal opinions issued by the appraisal institutions within their own organs, which leads to the problems of "self-investigation and self-examination, self-inspection and self-examination", and the neutrality of the appraisal institutions or appraisers is questioned. In order to solve these problems, the Ministry of Justice has successively issued a series of ministerial regulations or normative documents, including the Measures for the Administration of Registration of Judicial Appraisal Institutions, the Measures for the Administration of Judicial Appraisers, the Provisions on the Classification of Judicial Appraisal Practices (Provisional) and the Provisions on the Administration of Judicial Appraisal Licenses. In 2002, the Supreme People’s Court also issued the Interim Measures for Judicial Expertise of People’s Courts and the Administrative Measures for Entrusting and Organizing Judicial Expertise of People’s Courts, which made corresponding provisions on the management of judicial expertise institutions and personnel of people’s courts. Although these reform measures have improved the management order of judicial expertise, on the whole, they have little effect.

  In order to solve the outstanding problems in the practice of judicial expertise, such as unified management, socialization of appraisal institutions and neutrality of appraisers, on February 28th, 2005, the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) adopted the Decision on the Management of Judicial Expertise (hereinafter referred to as the Decision), which became an important legal basis for the management of judicial expertise. The "Decision" first focuses on solving the problem of the independence of the appraisal institutions, excluding the situation that the investigation organs are entrusted by the society to engage in appraisal services and the people’s courts and judicial administrative departments set up appraisal institutions themselves, and puts the appraisal institutions in a more neutral position that is not attached to any judicial organs or administrative organs. More importantly, the "Decision" establishes a unified management system of judicial expertise: the judicial administrative department has the right to conduct examination and registration management of social expertise institutions applied for by legal persons or other organizations, and to conduct filing and registration management of appraisal institutions of investigation organs. It can be said that the "Decision" is mainly devoted to the unified management of judicial expertise, that is, the judicial administrative organs should achieve the unification of registration, qualification, training, appraisal standards, fees and penalties for violations, and so on. However, in practice, the unified judicial expertise management system is far from being formed, and the judicial expertise management order is still chaotic.

  1.1 The rejection and breakthrough of the unified management of judicial expertise by the investigation organs and appraisal institutions.

  According to the provisions of Article 7 of the Decision, the establishment of an authentication institution by the investigation organ is not only restricted by the needs of investigation, but also the authentication institution "may not accept the entrustment of the society to engage in judicial authentication business". However, the the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) Law Commission affirmed whether the investigation organs can entrust each other and whether the investigation organs can accept the entrustment of the judicial organs to engage in the judicial expertise business, which opened the door for the expansion of the service scope of the authentication institutions of the investigation organs. In view of this reality, the Central Political and Legal Committee turned to require the management mode of combining the direct management of the subordinate departments with the filing and registration of the judicial administrative department for the appraisal institutions and appraisers belonging to the investigation organs [2]. In judicial practice, some investigation organs authorize their appraisal institutions to conduct appraisal business "externally" to the society, thus breaking through the restriction of "not accepting entrustment to engage in judicial appraisal business for the society" in the Decision, so that the reality has not changed much before the reform, and the reform goal of neutrality of appraisal institutions has basically failed.

  1.2 The judicial organs’ erosion and division of the management right of judicial expertise

  The biggest progress of the Decision lies in the abolition of the appraisal institutions of judicial organs, and the complete realization of the "separation of trial and appraisal" necessary for judicial justice. By cutting off the connection between the judicial organs and the appraisal institutions, the Decision aims to ensure the neutrality of the court and reduce the inevitable doubts of the parties about the appraisal opinions because of the court’s "self-examination and self-examination". However, due to the traditional concept that the appraisal institution has long been an internal institution of the court and the appraiser has long regarded himself as a judge’s assistant, the interest relationship between the judicial organ, the appraisal institution and the appraiser is still broken and even alienated under the influence of the original power inertia. In practice, some local courts are not willing to lose the right to administer judicial expertise. On the basis of the register management of judicial administrative departments, they register and manage the appraisal matters within the "three categories" stipulated in the Decision, and register and manage the appraisal matters beyond the "three categories" that require the Ministry of Justice to consult the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate. This practice of selecting and compiling from the roster compiled by the judicial administrative department or outside the roster leads to the mixed management of the roster registration of authentication institutions by the judicial organs and the judicial administrative department, and the judicial organs actually divide the judicial authentication management power of the judicial administrative departments. Some local courts even went beyond the judicial administrative department to register some authentication institutions, resulting in confusion in the management order of judicial authentication, disorderly operation of judicial authentication institutions and unfair competition in the field of judicial authentication.

  1.3 Social judicial authentication institutions "non-litigation authentication" and "authentication consultation" disorderly operation.

  Before the promulgation of "Decision", the multi-head identification and repeated identification caused by the confusion of judicial expertise system was one of the difficult problems in the reform of judicial expertise. After the reform of the judicial expertise system, although the legislative progress has not been fully realized, compared with before the reform, the judicial expertise management has gradually entered the track of rule of law, science and standardization, which is mainly reflected in the unified management of social judicial expertise institutions by the judicial administrative department and the improvement of the appraisal management order. However, in addition to providing judicial expertise services, social judicial expertise institutions also engage in a large number of "non-litigation expertise" or "expertise consultation". "Non-litigation appraisal" refers to law enforcement appraisal that does not directly aim at litigation, such as arbitration appraisal, technical appraisal of traffic accidents, technical appraisal of disputes between doctors and patients, and technical appraisal involving violations of party discipline and political discipline. The scope of "appraisal consultation" is wide, and there are three main situations: "pre-litigation appraisal", "out-of-litigation appraisal" and "appraisal entity consultation". According to the investigation and analysis of some scholars, "the proportion of improper control of litigation appraisal affects the appraisal order is small, while the proportion of repeated appraisal, multi-head appraisal and disputes over appraisal opinions caused by non-litigation appraisal and appraisal consultation is large." {2} "This shows that the" non-litigation appraisal "or" appraisal consultation "of social judicial appraisal institutions is the main source of the current disorder of appraisal. Therefore, in order to improve the management of social judicial authentication institutions, the judicial authentication management department should focus on standardizing its non-judicial authentication activities of "serving the society". "Non-litigation appraisal" must be accepted according to law,The procedures and results of issuing expert opinions should be distinguished from judicial expertise. "Appraisal consultation" should be cautious, not "ask for advice". "Pre-litigation appraisal" should be strictly implemented in accordance with local regulations or the relevant provisions of the General Rules of Judicial Appraisal Procedure of the Ministry of Justice, and the entrustment of appraisal for unknown purposes and violation of social morality should be rejected; Consultation on appraisal entities should be handled with caution, and irresponsible or controversial advice should not be provided. Legislation on expert consultation should also be followed up, so that judicial expertise management can be based on laws.

  To sum up, the biggest problem facing the current judicial expertise management is that the unified judicial expertise management system established by the Decision has not really formed. At the same time, new problems in the management of judicial expertise, such as how to manage non-judicial expertise in social judicial expertise institutions, lack corresponding legislative norms. Under the background of comprehensively promoting the rule of law and deepening the reform of judicial administration, judicial administrative organs should seize the opportunity to further implement and improve the unified judicial expertise management system, so as to truly improve the judicial expertise order. In addition to further implementing the unified management system of judicial expertise, the following reforms must be carried out.

  1.3.1 Improve the access and management of appraisers.

  Judicial appraiser is the main body to carry out appraisal, and is a natural person who uses specialized knowledge and technical methods to solve specialized problems in litigation activities. Judicial appraisers have the dual attributes of scientific and technical workers and legal workers, and they should have the necessary legal knowledge in addition to the corresponding professional knowledge. In addition, judicial appraisers must have good legal professional ethics and the scientific spirit of seeking truth from facts, which is the premise to ensure the objectivity and fairness of expert opinions. In some appraisals with many subjective factors (such as forensic psychiatric appraisal), the appraiser should also have considerable years of practice experience.

  For a long time in China, there is a lack of uniform professional standards and qualifications for judicial appraisers, and there is a lack of necessary practice assessment methods. The author thinks that we can learn from the appraiser roster system in civil law countries, establish a unified professional qualification system for judicial appraisers, and strive to improve the professionalism and specialization level of judicial appraisers: (1) establish a unified professional qualification system for judicial appraisers that combines professional qualification examination and qualification identification; (2) Organize unified special training for judicial appraisers before taking up their posts and transferring their posts; (3) Establish a unified management system for the practice of judicial appraisers; (4) Improve the supervision system of qualification evaluation; (5) Implementing a unified and lifelong continuing education system; (6) Implement a unified practice inspection and registration system {3}.

  1.3.2 Give full play to the positive role of trade associations.

  Because judicial expertise involves many industries, it is not enough to rely solely on the administrative management of judicial administrative organs, but also to play the role of self-discipline management of trade associations. Judicial expertise industry associations can organize experts to formulate judicial expertise operating rules, technical specifications and standards, judicial expertise institutions’ qualification evaluation standards, and judicial expertise quality and integrity assessment methods, and can also assist judicial administrative organs in supervision and management; Safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of judicial authenticators and judicial authentication institutions; To supervise and inspect the professional ethics and practice discipline of judicial authentication institutions and judicial authenticators, and reward and punish them; Organize members to carry out continuing education and training, and form a mode of combining unified management of judicial administrative organs with self-discipline management of trade associations.

  1.3.3 Improve the practice responsibility system of judicial expertise.

  While improving the practice environment, maintaining the appraisal order and providing the practice guarantee, we should further improve the practice responsibility system. The Decision stipulates two kinds of legal responsibilities: administrative responsibility and criminal responsibility. Some scholars suggest that the provisions on civil liability should be added. When an appraiser makes a wrong appraisal due to intentional or gross negligence, the client may apply for damages, and the appraisal institution and appraiser shall be jointly and severally liable for this.

  2. Improve and standardize the implementation procedures of judicial expertise.

  The Central Political and Legal Work Conference held in January, 2014 put forward the requirement of "improving the unified and authoritative judicial expertise system", indicating that besides the unified judicial expertise management system, it is also necessary to ensure that the results of judicial expertise are authoritative and can effectively guarantee judicial justice. The authority of judicial expertise results depends on the standardization and fairness of the expertise procedure. In view of the fact that judicial expertise is a highly unified activity of science and law, it should be carried out in strict accordance with scientific laws and the relevant provisions of the law, and its procedures can also be divided into two aspects: the implementation procedure of judicial expertise and the litigation procedure of judicial expertise. Therefore, in order to establish an authoritative judicial expertise system, it is necessary to take a two-pronged approach, not only to standardize the implementation procedures of expertise, but also to improve the fair judicial expertise litigation procedures. The author will discuss these two issues in turn in the following.

  In order to further realize the standardization, institutionalization and scientificization of judicial expertise activities, the Ministry of Justice promulgated the newly formulated General Principles of Judicial Expertise Procedure (hereinafter referred to as the General Principles) on August 7, 2007 to replace the General Principles of Judicial Expertise Procedure (for Trial Implementation) issued by the Ministry of Justice on August 31, 2001, which is another important achievement in the reform of judicial expertise system. First of all, the biggest deficiency of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) Decision in 2005 is the lack of provisions related to the implementation procedures of judicial expertise. The promulgation of the General Principles just makes up for the lack of norms in this field. Secondly, the "General Principles" follow the inherent laws of judicial expertise activities, and clearly stipulate the entrustment and acceptance of judicial expertise, the implementation of judicial expertise, the technical standards and specifications that judicial expertise should follow, and the special provisions of judicial expertise procedures in accordance with the workflow of judicial expertise activities {4}. Thirdly, based on the Decision, the General Principles further implemented the responsibility system of judicial appraisers, strengthened the supervision responsibility of judicial appraisal institutions, and standardized the acceptance conditions of re-appraisal, which not only implemented the principles of the Decision, but also partially solved the problems left over by the Decision, and complemented and promoted each other with the Decision, becoming an important legal document for adjusting judicial appraisal activities.

  (1) The General Principles clearly stipulates the obligations of judicial appraisers, thus further implementing the responsibility system of judicial appraisers. Judicial appraisers use science and technology and expertise to independently identify and judge the specialized issues involved in litigation, and are responsible for their own expert opinions, which is the core content of the judicial appraiser responsibility system established in the Decision [3]. The General Principles put this principle into practice through a series of obligations and system designs. For example, it is stipulated that judicial appraisers should abide by the obligations of confidentiality, avoidance, testifying in court and independently issue expert opinions; Consulting relevant experts on complex, difficult and special technical issues, the final expert opinion shall still be issued by the judicial appraiser of this institution; If there are different opinions on the appraisal opinions in the judicial appraisal attended by many people, it shall be indicated, etc.

  (2) The "General Principles" provide a guarantee for improving the quality of identification by strengthening the supervision responsibility of judicial authentication institutions to the judicial appraisers of their own institutions. According to the provisions of the General Principles, judicial authentication institutions have the right to examine and accept the entrustment of authentication according to law; Assign judicial appraisers, and supervise judicial appraisers to abide by legal obligations, professional ethics and practice discipline, technical specifications and appraisal time limit; Supervise the use and storage of judicial authentication materials; Unified collection of judicial expertise fees; To urge judicial appraisers to testify in court according to law and implement the system of withdrawal of appraisers; Organize expert consultation and multi-agency appraisal; Organize review and correct violations. The above provisions enable judicial authentication institutions to play a subjective role in organizing, managing and supervising the authentication activities of judicial authenticators. These regulations further urge judicial appraisers to become the real subject of appraisal, while appraisal institutions gradually retreat to the position of supervision and management. Unlike the Decision, which emphasizes the unified (macro) management of the appraisers by the judicial administrative organs, the General Principles emphasizes the supervision of the appraisers at the micro level, which is not only inconsistent with the Decision, but also a supplement and development to the Decision.

  (3) The General Principles embody the principle of combining administrative management with industry management. In addition to emphasizing the legitimacy of the subject of judicial expertise, the General Principles also require it to abide by professional ethics and practice discipline, which reflects the obvious intention of the General Principles to introduce industry management into the field of judicial expertise [4]. In addition, by affirming the role of industry organizations in formulating industry technical standards and specifications, and giving industry organizations the power to give industry sanctions for violations of industry norms.

  (4) The General Principles have improved the procedural system and related rules of judicial expertise. Taking the entrustment and acceptance of appraisal as an example, the General Rules for Trial Implementation stipulates that when the parties entrust judicial appraisal, it is generally carried out through a law firm, while the General Rules stipulates that the entrustment shall be uniformly accepted by the judicial appraisal institution without the assistance of other intermediaries. Moreover, the General Principles also stipulates the formal requirements and specific procedures for the judicial authentication institutions to accept the entrustment of authentication, lists the cases in which the authentication institutions refuse to accept it, and clarifies the rights and obligations of both the client and the entrusted judicial authentication institutions. In addition, in order to ensure the justice and rationality of the judicial expertise procedure, the General Principles not only makes general provisions on the implementation process of judicial expertise, but also makes special provisions on special circumstances such as physical examination of women or minors, forensic psychiatric expertise or autopsy, and on-site extraction of samples in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. This not only reflects the fairness of the appraisal procedure, but also strengthens the supervision of the client on the appraisal process.

  To sum up, the "General Principles" and the "Decision" echo and complement each other in content, which is not only the concretization of the requirements of the "Decision", but also the expansion on the basis of the "Decision", which is conducive to standardizing the implementation procedures of China’s appraisal and pushing China’s judicial appraisal reform to a new stage. However, it is worth noting that when the General Principles were adopted, the three major procedural laws had not been revised. Now, the General Principles have been implemented for nearly eight years, and the three major procedural laws have been significantly revised and changed. Therefore, the implementation procedure of judicial expertise should also keep pace with the times, and more targeted industry norms and appraisal standards should be issued according to the revised contents of the three major procedural laws.

  3. Improve the just judicial authentication procedure

  In essence, judicial expertise is a scientific cognitive activity to help judicial organs solve some specialized problems in litigation, aiming at supplementing the lack of knowledge of judicial personnel in specialized fields. It has both scientific content and legal requirements, which embodies the high unity of science and law. On the one hand, judicial expertise not only serves litigation activities, but also is an important part of litigation; On the other hand, the expert opinions produced by judicial expertise will be used as evidence in litigation. Therefore, not only the implementation of judicial expertise should comply with scientific laws and legal requirements (such as legal period, etc.), but also the use of expert opinions should be adjusted by procedural rules and evidence rules. Clear and complete procedural provisions are an important guarantee for the formation and application of scientific appraisal opinions, so perfecting fair judicial appraisal litigation procedures is also an important content of judicial appraisal system reform.

  《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》中明确指出,要“推进以审判为中心的诉讼制度改革,确保侦查、审查起诉的案件事实证据经得起法律的检验。全面贯彻证据裁判规则,严格依法收集、固定、保存、审查、运用证据,完善证人、鉴定人出庭制度,保证庭审在查明事实、认定证据、保护诉权、公正裁判中发挥决定性作用。”四中全会决定的上述内容一方面回应了目前证人、鉴定人出庭作证制度实施不理想的现实,另一方面提出“推进以审判为中心的诉讼制度改革”的要求。这说明推进“以审判为中心”是当前诉讼制度改革最迫切的任务,而司法鉴定质证程序的完善是实现这一任务的必然要求。这不仅为司法鉴定诉讼程序的进一步完善提出了更高的要求,而且也是一个难得的机遇。在为实现“以审判为中心”的系统性诉讼制度改革中,司法鉴定质证程序的完善既能够得到助力,也有望为这一体系性改革的成功添砖加瓦。围绕“以审判为中心”这一目标,应从以下几个方面完善司法鉴定的诉讼程序。

  3.1 健全司法鉴定的启动程序

  The initiation of judicial expertise mainly refers to the allocation of entrustment and decision-making power, which is not consistent in various countries. The civil law system adopts the principle of authority, and judges have the final decision on whether judicial expertise is needed or not and the authorization of appraisers. For example, Article 156 of the French Criminal Procedure Law stipulates: "Any pre-trial judge or trial judge may, at the request of the procuratorate, or on his own authority, or at the request of a party, order an appraisal." The requests of both the prosecution and the defense are not necessarily binding on the judge, but "the pre-trial judge shall make a reasoned ruling when he thinks that the requirements for appraisal should not be met". In common law countries, the parties themselves decide whether to choose, when to choose and which experts are beneficial to them to provide expert advice for the jury and judges to consider. Although Article 706 of the United States Federal Rules of Evidence stipulates that the court may appoint any expert witness with the consent of the parties, it may also appoint an expert witness according to its own choice. However, it also stipulates that this rule does not restrict the parties from calling expert witnesses according to their own choices. In judicial practice, expert witnesses, as the main means for the parties to win favorable judgments, are basically summoned according to their own needs. It can be seen that due to the different litigation modes, the two legal system countries have made different provisions on the ownership of judicial expertise. However, in recent years, there has been a trend of mutual absorption and integration in the decision-making power of appraisal in countries all over the world, especially when judges control the initiation of appraisal.The most significant aspect is that both parties enjoy the equal right to request identification [5].

  The initiation of the appraisal is not only related to the protection of the litigant’s litigation rights and the realization of procedural justice, but also determines whether the litigation procedure can achieve the goal of finding the truth with the help of judicial appraisal. In some cases, the initiation of appraisal is directly related to the defendant’s crime and non-crime. It can be said that the allocation of the initiation right of appraisal is the core issue of appraisal procedure in criminal proceedings. At present, the mode of starting the appraisal in China is similar to that in the civil law system, but the main body that plays the role of authority in starting the appraisal procedure includes not only judges, but also investigation organs and procuratorial organs. This mode may lead to the investigation organ and the procuratorial organ initiating the appraisal by themselves, and it is difficult to guarantee the objectivity and neutrality of the appraisal. On the other hand, the initiation of identification by investigation organs and procuratorial organs is also the main reason for "multiple identification" and "repeated identification". In view of this, our country should cancel the power of the investigation organ to initiate the appraisal by itself, and the court should exercise the final decision to initiate the appraisal uniformly. Of course, the realization of this reform depends on the establishment of judicial review mechanism in investigation activities. As mentioned above, the decision of the Fourth Plenary Session to promote the "trial-centered" litigation system reform must include establishing the status of trial neutrality and judicial supremacy in litigation, so the establishment of judicial review mechanism in the whole process of criminal litigation in China is self-evident requirement. The author advocates that we should explore the establishment of judicial review and writ permission system in line with China’s national conditions in the process of promoting the "trial-centered" litigation system reform.At the right time, the decision-making power to examine the appraisal and other investigations involving the restriction or deprivation of citizens’ personal rights, property rights and privacy rights will be uniformly handed over to the judicial organs, and judicial review and writ authorization will be implemented. In the concrete steps, we can learn from Russia’s practice, and gradually transition from restricting the investigation organ’s right to start the appraisal to completely canceling it.

  In addition, in China’s criminal proceedings, the public security organs have the right to initiate the appraisal, while the litigants only have the right to request supplementary appraisal and re-appraisal, which is obviously contrary to the principle of equality between prosecution and defense. At present, China’s trial mode is changing from interrogation to confrontation, and the burden of proof of the parties is increasing, which is in contradiction with the limited start of appraisal. With the increasing burden of proof of the parties, the law should not restrict or deprive the parties of their right to choose their own appraisal, but should allow them to entrust the appraisal because of the need of proof, and allow them to obtain favorable evidence through appraisal activities. This is also an effective way to strengthen the participation ability of both the prosecution and the defense in the appraisal procedure, standardize the judicial appraisal activities and establish the credibility of the judicial appraisal results. As a judicial authentication institution, there is no reason not to provide necessary authentication services in the face of a large number of litigant authentication needs in litigation. Therefore, in order to ensure the participation of the parties and the democracy of the appraisal procedure, both the prosecution and the defense should be given equal rights to apply for entrusted appraisal, and the final decision belongs to the court. At the same time, it is stipulated that as long as the application for appraisal submitted by the parties meets the procedural requirements, the court should approve it, and the prosecution and the defense should not be treated differently or discriminated against.

  3.2 Improve the cross-examination procedure of expert opinions.

  The important contents of "trial-centered" are "trial-centered" and "trial materialization", and the key to realize trial materialization is trial cross-examination. For expert opinions, in order to make the cross-examination procedure substantive, it is necessary to urge the appraisers to testify in court and realize effective cross-examination through expert assistants. Because the expert opinion is the expert’s subjective judgment on specialized issues, on the one hand, the judge lacks sufficient judgment ability for this special evidence, and only by relying on the assistance of the expert can the expert opinion be effectively examined and judged; On the other hand, the expert opinion belongs to verbal evidence, and its inquiry and acceptance can only be effectively carried out when the appraiser appears in court. Therefore, it is a common practice all over the world to ask the appraiser to appear in court to accept questions from both the prosecution and the defense.

  China’s Criminal Procedure Law in 1996 and the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC)’s Decision in 2005 both emphasized the obligation of expert witnesses to testify in court, but it failed to be implemented in practice due to the lack of supporting system guarantee. The Criminal Procedure Law, amended in 2012, first clarified the conditions for the appraiser to testify in court. According to the third paragraph of Article 187, if the public prosecutor, the party concerned or the defender or the agent ad litem have objections to the expert opinion, and the people’s court deems it necessary for the expert to appear in court, the expert shall testify in court. This provision actually reduces the requirements of the appraiser to testify in court and narrows the scope of the obligation of the appraiser to testify in court by clarifying the two conditions of "the prosecution and the defense have objections to the appraisal opinions" and "the people’s court deems it necessary", but it is more realistic and feasible for gradually promoting the system of the appraiser to testify in court.

  In addition, the new "Criminal Procedure Law" also stipulates the legal consequences that an expert should appear in court instead of appearing in court, that is, "the expert opinion shall not be used as the basis for finalizing the case", which is equivalent to establishing the hearsay exclusion rule of expert opinion. In order to make the trial cross-examination procedure after the expert appears in court substantive, the new Criminal Procedure Law also introduces the expert assistant system. As both the prosecution and the defense are non-professionals, it is difficult to ask questions to the point about the highly professional expert opinions. Therefore, it is very necessary to attract other experts to assist in the cross-examination of expert opinions. Article 192 of the new Criminal Procedure Law stipulates: "During the court hearing, the public prosecutor, the parties, the defenders and the agents ad litem may apply to the court to notify people with specialized knowledge to appear in court and give their opinions on the expert opinions made by the appraisers. The court shall make a decision on whether to approve the above application. " Giving both the prosecution and the defense the right to apply for expert assistants to assist in cross-examination of expert opinions in court is helpful to the materialization of the cross-examination procedure of expert opinions and can help the court to effectively examine and judge the probative value of relevant expert opinions. Especially in cases with multiple expert opinions, the participation of expert assistants is particularly important to help judges decide which expert opinion to take as the basis for final decision. Not only that, the introduction of expert assistants also helps to exercise the right of defense. Due to the unbalanced distribution of the right to start the appraisal, judicial appraisal is mostly initiated by the public security and judicial organs according to their functions and powers. The defense is often skeptical about the appraisal opinions entrusted by the public authorities, but it is unable to effectively cross-examine the appraisal opinions.The introduction of expert assistants just fills the gap of the defense’s cross-examination ability and enables the defense to better exercise its right of defense. The introduction of expert assistants will also help to eliminate the doubts of the parties about the expert opinions, settle the disputes in time, and avoid unnecessary repeated appraisal and the "expert dispute" caused by it.

  3.3 Improve the re-appraisal procedures.

  From a scientific point of view, there is only one correct appraisal opinion. The emergence of different appraisal opinions in the same case can only show that the subjective and objective aspects of appraisal have deviated. Re-appraisal is undoubtedly the only way to test and correct the wrong appraisal opinions and draw a correct conclusion. Therefore, the appraisal systems in various countries stipulate the right to re-appraisal without exception. One of the main problems in the practice of judicial expertise in China, that is, the unrestricted exercise of the right to apply for re-appraisal, leads to repeated appraisal of the same problem, and the contradiction between expert opinions is not only unavoidable, but also increasingly complicated. This problem of multi-head appraisal and repeated appraisal has seriously affected the objectivity, scientificity and authority of judicial appraisal, affected judicial justice to a certain extent, and wasted considerable judicial resources.

  There are many reasons for multi-head identification and repeated identification, including the reasons of judicial organs, the identification problem itself, the level of appraisers and appraisal institutions, and the disharmony of the interests of the parties. Therefore, the problem of multi-head appraisal and repeated appraisal is not only the adjustment of appraisal management regulations, but also the adjustment object of procedural law.

  Re-appraisal is to doubt the previous appraisal opinions, or several appraisers have differences on the appraisal opinions, and the original appraisal items need to be re-appraised. Therefore, the re-appraisal must generally be undertaken by an appraisal institution with higher level, better testing equipment and stronger technical force. In this regard, Article 14 of the "Interim Provisions on Judicial Appraisal of People’s Courts" issued by the Supreme People’s Court in 2001 stipulates that if one of the following circumstances requires re-appraisal, the people’s court shall entrust the judicial appraisal institution of the higher court to re-appraise [6]: (1) The appraiser does not have the relevant appraisal qualifications; (2) The appraisal procedure does not conform to the law; (3) The appraisal conclusion is in contradiction with other evidence; (four) the identification materials are false, or the original identification method is defective; (five) the appraiser should avoid not avoiding, but has different opinions on his appraisal conclusion; (six) the same case has multiple different expert conclusions; (seven) there is evidence that there are factors that affect the accurate identification of the appraiser.

  However, the Interim Provisions on Judicial Appraisal of People’s Courts only solves the problem of the ownership of re-appraisal, and there will still be problems of the effectiveness of different appraisal opinions in judicial practice. To this end, the General Principles designed a series of solutions to the problems of multi-head appraisal, repeated appraisal and long-term indecision in practice. First of all, the "General Principles" requires appraisal institutions to accept the entrustment of re-appraisal, and at the same time stipulates stricter conditions for re-appraisal, so as to ensure that the start of re-appraisal follows uniform and strict standards and avoid arbitrariness and ease in the start of re-appraisal. Secondly, the "General Principles" stipulates a number of systems to ensure the quality of appraisal, such as appointing or selecting two or more appraisers to jointly appraise, consulting relevant experts outside the institution in case of particularly complicated, difficult and special technical problems, and appointing a special person to supervise and review the appraisal process after the appraisal, and so on. These measures are conducive to increasing the acceptability of appraisal opinions, thus eliminating the root causes of re-appraisal. Thirdly, the "General Principles" revised and reiterated the time limit system for appraisal, which not only made the time limit for appraisal better meet the needs of litigation, but also clarified the conditions for extending the time limit, which was helpful to solve the chronic disease of long-standing appraisal to some extent. Finally, strictly observing and adopting uniform technical standards and specifications is an important guarantee for scientific and accurate appraisal opinions, and it is also one of the important measures to solve the problem of multi-head appraisal and repeated appraisal. Based on the current situation of formulating technical standards and specifications in the field of judicial expertise in China and according to industry practices,It stipulates the hierarchical structure and sequence of technical standards and specifications that judicial appraisers should abide by and adopt when conducting appraisal, which to some extent reduces the inconsistency of appraisal results and the resulting problem of repeated appraisal.

  The author thinks that in order to solve the problem of repeated identification, we must also establish a hierarchical system of judicial identification in the litigation legal system, limit the number of identification and standardize the re-identification procedure. First, establish a hierarchical system of judicial expertise to limit the number of re-appraisals. It can be considered that the level of judicial expertise in China is divided into two levels and the number of appraisals is limited to two. The reason why it is limited to two times is mainly to ensure that both parties to the lawsuit have the right to apply for appraisal once. The first level is the first appraisal procedure, that is, the appraisal conducted by an appraiser with appraisal qualifications. The second level is the review and appraisal procedure. Taking criminal appraisal as an example, the review and appraisal expert committee composed of the chief physician, professor of forensic medicine and senior forensic experts specializing in practice in hospitals above the provincial level can conduct the review and appraisal. Generally speaking, the prosecution exercises the right of first appraisal and decides whether to file a complaint according to the opinion of first appraisal. In order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the defendant, if the defense objection is established, it may apply for review and appraisal. Secondly, establish the supervision procedure of recheck appraisal, and correct the wrong recheck appraisal when necessary. It should be clear that the re-appraisal opinion does not invalidate the appraisal opinion of the first appraisal, and which appraisal opinion is more scientific and probative should be determined by the judge through examination and judgment. If the judge decides that the reexamination appraisal is inadmissible, one party to the lawsuit may apply to start the supervision procedure of reexamination appraisal. The review and appraisal expert committee that made the original decision shall select experts to form a supervision and appraisal expert committee for re-appraisal. Experts participating in the re-examination and appraisal shall not be used as appraisers again according to the principle of avoidance.However, you can attend the appraisal at the request of the re-appraisers and explain the reasons for the re-examination of the appraisal.

  3.4 Strengthen the protection of the rights of judicial appraisers

  The Criminal Procedure Law, amended in 2012, strengthened the protection of appraisers’ right to participate in litigation, mainly by including appraisers in the scope of personal protection. One of the reasons why appraisers are unwilling to testify in court in judicial practice is that they are afraid of retaliation for testifying in court. In criminal cases, the identification matters are often directly related to the criminal responsibility of criminal suspects and defendants. In reality, the parties have threatened or even retaliated against the appraisers, so the appraisers are often worried about testifying in court. Strengthening the personal protection of appraisers is very important for prompting appraisers to testify in court. According to Article 62 of the Criminal Procedure Law, in cases of crimes endangering national security, terrorist activities, organized crimes of underworld nature, drug crimes, etc., if the personal safety of witnesses, experts and victims or their close relatives is in danger because of testifying in the proceedings, the people’s courts, people’s procuratorates and public security organs shall take one or more of the following protective measures … The second paragraph of the same article also gives the experts the right to request personal protection in other cases, which is the first step. The third paragraph also stipulates the cooperation obligations of the relevant units and individuals in the protection of the personal rights of witnesses and experts, so that the personal protection of witnesses and experts may be implemented.

  However, the Criminal Procedure Law only stipulates the economic compensation for ordinary witnesses to testify in court, but does not include the appraiser in the scope of compensation. As an expert witness, an expert witness should enjoy the same rights as an ordinary witness, so we should refer to the economic compensation system for ordinary witnesses to testify in court and give the expert the right of economic compensation.

  In addition, the Criminal Procedure Law does not clearly stipulate what litigation rights the appraiser enjoys during the pre-trial appraisal. Looking at the legislation and practice of various countries, in order to ensure the successful completion of the appraisal task, the appraiser should also enjoy the following rights in the process of carrying out the appraisal: (1) The right to refuse the appraisal. When the questions raised by the judicial organs are beyond the scope of the appraiser’s knowledge or the materials provided by the judicial organs are insufficient to make an appraisal opinion, the appraiser should have the right to refuse the appraisal. (2) the right to know. The appraiser has the right to know the case materials about the appraisal object and request supplementary materials necessary for the appraisal opinion. (3) the right to conduct investigation and inspection under the guidance of the court. When the relevant information provided by the entrusting organ is incomplete, the appraiser shall have the right to carry out certain investigation activities under the organization of the court, including interrogating the criminal suspect, defendant, victim or witness, in order to obtain the necessary information needed for the appraisal.

  [Notes and References]

  [1] See the provisions of Article 4 of the Opinions of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) Law Commission to the Ministry of Justice on whether the access management of judicial authentication institutions and appraisers can be implemented before the implementation of the decision on the management of judicial authentication (Letter No.52 [2005] of the Law Commission).

  [2] See the Opinions of the Political and Legal Committee of the CPC Central Committee on Further Improving the Judicial Appraisal Management System and Selecting National Judicial Appraisal Institutions (Political and Legal [2008] No.2).

  [3] See Article 10 of the Decision: "Judicial expertise shall be subject to the appraiser’s responsibility system. The appraiser shall conduct the appraisal independently, be responsible for the appraisal opinions and sign or seal the appraisal book. If many people participate in the appraisal and have different opinions on the appraisal opinions, it shall be indicated. "

  [4] See Article 3 of the General Principles: "Judicial authentication institutions and judicial appraisers shall abide by laws, regulations and rules, abide by professional ethics and discipline, respect science and abide by technical operation norms."

  [5] The major reform of the appraisal system in the new Criminal Procedure Code promulgated by Russia on December 18th, 2001 is a typical example. On the premise of strictly limiting the investigator’s right to start the appraisal and handing it over to the court, it gives the defense an equal right to claim the appraisal.

  [6] After the "Decision" was issued in 2005, there was no so-called "judicial authentication institution of Shanghai court".

  {1} Criminal Law Office of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) Law Committee. the NPC Standing Committee’s decision on the management of judicial expertise [M]. Beijing: Law Press, 2005:21-22.

  (2) Zou Mingli. Study on the management measures of deepening the "three-oriented" judicial expertise [J]. China Justice, 2012,(4):95-99.

  {3} Huo Xiandan, Thoughts on Further Perfecting the Judicial Appraisal System [J]. Judicial Appraisal in China, 2014,(1):16-20.

  {4} Interpretation of "General Rules of Judicial Appraisal Procedure" by the heads of relevant departments of the Ministry of Justice [n]. Legal Daily, 2007-08-13.

Chongqing’s "Test-oriented" Waste Classification: The pilot is easy to popularize, but it is difficult to face three "obstacles"

       On June 12, at the fixed-point sorting and dropping point of domestic garbage in the steel ball community of Jiulongpo District, residents dropped garbage under the guidance of sorting garbage inspectors.

      In the Steel Ball Community of Jiulongpo District, points can be exchanged for gifts by using bonus cards.

       On July 10th, in Mei ‘an Community, Longfengqiao Street, Beibei District, the preacher was explaining the knowledge of garbage classification to the community residents. Correspondent Qin Tingfu photo

On June 10th, the smart platform for garbage sorting in Liangjiang New Area can monitor the correct delivery rate, points and other data in real time.

On June 12, in the Steel Ball Community of Jiulongpo District, the recycler was cleaning up the garbage in the recyclable smart box.

On June 18, in the community of Tianhumei Town, Renhe Street, Liangjiang New District, the staff were cleaning up perishable garbage.

  All the pictures in this edition were taken by reporter Zhang Jinhui except the signature.

On July 1st, it was called the strictest garbage sorting measure in history — — With the implementation of "Regulations on the Management of Domestic Waste in Shanghai", garbage classification has become a hot word that has set off major websites and gossip in the country.

Shanghai’s promotion of waste sorting is real, and Chongqing’s waste sorting is also accelerating. At present, the garbage classification system in the main urban area of our city has covered more than 1.1 million households in 43 towns and 306 communities. The overall level of waste sorting in Chongqing is above the average in 46 key cities in China, and it is temporarily in the forefront in the west.

In 2020, Chongqing will carry out domestic waste classification demonstration in 50% of streets and towns and 30% of administrative villages in urban built-up areas.

Zhu Xinglong, general manager of Nanjing Zhida Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., has often staged a "Tale of Two Cities" recently. At the end of June, he just attended the press conference that Zhida was selected as a gazelle enterprise in Nanjing in 2019, and flew to Liangjiang New District in Chongqing to learn about the company’s pilot waste sorting in Yuanyang Street and Dazhulin Street.

Zhu Xinglong is a "crab eater" in the field of garbage classification in Chongqing. In 2009, he established the first private garbage sorting and recycling station in our city — — Chongqing Hengao Environmental Protection Technology Development Co., Ltd. tried to classify garbage in the main city for 5 years, but the loss was more than 10 million yuan. In desperation, he moved to Nanjing and found business opportunities, and the company developed into a national garbage sorting enterprise.

In 2014, when Zhu Xinglong left Chongqing, there were less than 20,000 residents and less than 80,000 people in the main city of Chongqing. Today, the number of residents in the main city participating in the waste sorting pilot has expanded to more than 1.1 million households and millions of people.

From losing Chongqing to returning to Chongqing for gold digging, Zhu Xinglong, the "king of garbage", went back and forth, which reflected the change from "cold" to "hot" in the pilot garbage sorting in our city in the past 10 years.

In the past, garbage was exchanged, and now intelligent garbage collectors enter the community.

Zhu Xinglong still remembers it vividly: in 2009, when he tried to classify garbage in Jiulongpo District, he adopted the extensive classification method of garbage exchange — — Residents call, and the company’s garbage sorter comes to the door to sort, weigh, pay and take away the waste and send it to various resource recycling centers. In order to attract popularity, Zhu Xinglong also engages in some activities from time to time, such as changing mineral water bottles for eggs and changing waste newspapers for paper.

Ten years later, Chongqing’s garbage sorting method has become fine.

Recently, the reporter saw in the No.7 residential area in the Mid-Levels of Jiulongpo District that an intelligent garbage recycling system was set up in the residential area. The words "waste paper", "metal", "textiles" and "plastic bottles" were written on each collection box, and it was clear which window should be put in which kind of garbage.

"Every household has a smart card. As long as the garbage is put correctly, the card will get points." Wang Lanfang, a resident of No.7 residential area in Mid-Levels, said that one kilogram of cardboard is 100 points, and each plastic bottle is 4 points … … The community also has a point exchange machine like a vending machine, where residents can exchange towels, soap and other daily necessities.

Since the intelligent garbage collector entered No.7 Mid-Levels, the community has a garbage sorting instructor, and the accuracy of residents’ garbage sorting has increased to 82%. However, there are still many households who question whether the classified garbage will be mixed and transported.

This kind of worry is not unreasonable.

The Research Center for Environment and Economic Policy of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment has conducted a survey on the behavior of household garbage classification. Respondents think that "garbage is not classified when it is transported centrally, and there is no need to classify it", accounting for 59.6%; "I don’t know the progress and results of garbage disposal after classification, and I have no sense of accomplishment", accounting for 34.5%.

In response to these concerns of residents, Chongqing has made some efforts.

In the Steel Ball Community of Jiulongpo District, the reporter saw that the garbage bins in this community were regularly classified and placed at fixed points, indicating the collection and transportation time and transportation direction of each kind of garbage — —

Perishable garbage is collected and transported to Jiangbei Heishizi kitchen waste treatment plant from 9: 00 to 10: 00 every morning; Other garbage is collected and transported to the solid waste transfer center of Chendang Road from 9: 00 to 11: 00 every morning, compressed and then sent to the garbage incineration power plant; Recyclable materials are collected and transported from 2: 00 pm to 5: 00 pm every day and transported to Chendang Road Solid Waste Transfer Center; Harmful waste, it is collected and shipped once a month.

"The Sanitation Group is equipped with 520 sanitation transport vehicles, and each type of collection and transportation vehicle can only collect and transport its corresponding garbage type, and there is video surveillance throughout the transportation." He Yongquan, chief engineer of Environmental Sanitation Group, introduced that the Group has also installed a life cycle management system for waste sorting in some communities. Tap this intelligent system and enter the corresponding garbage classification card number, so residents can know the detailed information of garbage loading time, transportation and treatment.

The pilot is easy to popularize, but it is difficult to classify waste in Chongqing. There are three obstacles.

In China, it is easy to pilot waste sorting, but it is difficult to promote it continuously, and Chongqing is no exception.

Many people in the industry believe that the residents’ participation rate needs to be improved, the collection and transportation system is not perfect enough, and the classification and disposal are not thorough enough, which are the three "obstacles" in the process of garbage classification and promotion in our city.

"The most difficult thing to break through in garbage classification is the source classification of residents." Zhu Xinglong said that the company used the big data system to analyze the characteristics of people involved in garbage sorting, and found that 70% of residents were over 60 years old, and 10% were middle-aged people around 40 years old.

Not only that, tens of thousands of smart garbage collectors are not available in every community. For example, there are more than 60,000 pilot households in Yuzhong District, and only about 10 sets of smart garbage collectors are installed.

"It is a technical job to divide hundreds of kinds of garbage into recyclables, perishable garbage, other garbage and harmful waste." Mr. Zhang, who lives in Ranjiaba, said that he noticed that Chongqing has not yet developed an App or program to help residents sort garbage.

The difficulty of garbage sorting in Chongqing also stems from the terrain limitations of mountain cities.

According to an industry insider, many cities in China have launched the action of "withdrawing barrels", thus forcing citizens to develop good classification habits. There are many high-rise buildings in Chongqing, and citizens are not used to throwing garbage downstairs. It is unrealistic to carry out a large-scale "barrel withdrawal" operation.

A set of data also confirms the problem of insufficient coverage of garbage classification in our city.

At present, the proportion of households covered by the pilot project of domestic waste classification in the main city is 23.58%, which is lower than the average proportion of households participating in waste classification in 46 key cities determined by the state, which is 38.3%.

In addition to the front-end classified delivery link, Chongqing is also facing confusion in the back-end classified collection, classified transportation and classified disposal.

Integrating the classified collection and transportation system of garbage with the recycling system of renewable resources is conducive to improving the efficiency of classified collection and transportation of domestic garbage and resource utilization. However, Fu Yuechao, a researcher at the Development Research Center of the municipal government, found that high-value waste products such as copper, aluminum and cartons are "fragrant cakes", and enterprises are scrambling to collect them, but waste furniture, foam, glass bottles, milk boxes and batteries are neglected. "Cleaning glass and milk cartons is troublesome, which increases the recycling cost. Recycling batteries, medicines and other harmful waste, enterprises need qualifications, and it is difficult for ordinary enterprises to take over. "

Another phenomenon that can’t be ignored is that although Chongqing is in the forefront of the country in terms of waste incineration power generation and kitchen waste treatment, with an average daily treatment of about 2,000 tons of kitchen waste and more than 8,000 tons of waste incineration power generation, harmful waste’s disposal is still a "short board".

According to the information provided by the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, there are currently 63 hazardous waste management units in the city, with the utilization and disposal capacity of 1.345 million tons/year. The demand and capacity of hazardous waste disposal in the city have not been completely matched, and the collection, transportation and transit storage facilities and equipment in harmful waste need to be further supplemented and improved.

43 towns and streets carried out pilot projects to incorporate garbage classification into urban management target assessment.

With the drastic measures of garbage sorting in Shanghai, all major cities in China are "smelling garbage and dancing", and Chongqing is also actively preparing for the test of garbage sorting.

"This year, there are 43 streets and towns in the main city to pilot waste sorting, accounting for 47% of the total number of streets and towns." According to a person from the Municipal Urban Management Bureau, in order to promote the garbage sorting work, the city implemented the "Measures for the Management of Domestic Waste Classification in Chongqing" in January this year, requiring transport units to refuse to transport if they find that the delivery and collection of domestic waste do not meet the classification requirements and refuse to rectify.

At the same time, the city has established a system of "monthly dark investigation, quarterly evaluation", "monthly report and quarterly notification", and each district in the main city has a classification work leading group or joint meeting system. The Municipal Urban Management Bureau also conducts unannounced visits and special law enforcement actions from time to time, and incorporates garbage classification into the evaluation content of urban management objectives.

In order to guide more people to participate in garbage sorting, the city has established a "four-level" instructor system for cities, districts, towns and communities, organized activities such as "municipal demonstration of youth volunteer service" and "hands-on" in garbage sorting, and compiled and printed a classification knowledge reader for children, primary schools and middle schools.

Many departments in Chongqing are engaged in the craze of garbage sorting — —

The Municipal Development and Reform Commission supports the construction of PPP projects in the field of waste sorting, and actively builds an investment and financing pattern of "government-led, market-driven and diversified investment";

City, District Housing and Urban-Rural Construction Committee will incorporate the classification of domestic waste into the supervision and inspection of property enterprises, and urge property enterprises to implement waste classification;

The Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment strives to build (rebuild and expand) five hazardous waste centralized incineration and landfill projects and seven medical waste disposal projects in 2020, and add more than 11,300 tons of medical waste centralized disposal, basically realizing the matching of hazardous waste disposal demand and capacity in the city;

The Municipal Commission of Commerce will accelerate the "two-network integration" of the renewable resource recycling system and the domestic waste classification collection and transportation system, and strive for each waste classification and recycling demonstration site to have renewable resource recycling enterprises to recycle in time.

At the same time, a number of "short-board" sanitation infrastructure projects are also being promoted. As soon as the end of this year, Xiajiaba large-scale garbage secondary transfer station in Yubei District will be put into use. By then, the total transfer scale of the three major domestic garbage secondary transfer stations in the main city (the other two are Zouma in Jiulongpo District and Jieshi in Banan District) can reach 9,600 tons/day. Our city is building the largest and most comprehensive waste sorting and utilization industrial park in Yubei — — Luoqi Vein Industrial Park, covering an area of about 5,000 mu, can treat kitchen waste, fruit and vegetable waste, building waste and general industrial waste at the same time after it is put into use in 2020.

How to push experts to make suggestions on garbage classification

Zhu Dajian, Director of Institute of Sustainable Development and Management, Tongji University:

In the past, garbage sorting was often carried out by the sanitation department alone, but now it needs to be coordinated. The responsibility of individuals and units should be clarified through legislation, and the garbage classification should be changed from government solo to social chorus.

Fu Yuechao, researcher of Chongqing Municipal Government Development Research Center:

Without a prosperous industrial ecology of garbage sorting, it is difficult for garbage sorting to become a reality from ideas, regulations and requirements. We should fully consider the reality of garbage collection and transportation in China and build an industrial chain from classified delivery to collection, transportation, disposal and use, and policy support should cover the whole industrial chain. For example, cities such as Nanjing subsidize the recycling of low-value waste such as glass, and Chongqing should speed up the introduction of policies to subsidize the recycling of low-value waste.

Professor Liu Guotao, School of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University:

Many people think that garbage sorting is low in science and technology, which is a misunderstanding. Big data and Internet of Things technologies can be applied to the field of garbage classification. Enterprises’ participation in waste sorting may not be profitable in the short term, which requires the government to provide supporting policies to encourage enterprises to apply scientific and technological achievements to waste sorting.

It should be noted that garbage sorting should also be promoted from the source. At present, Shenzhen encourages enterprises to simplify the packaging of goods and raise the threshold for disposable goods to enter the market. These practices are worth learning from Chongqing.

Reporter’s Notes "

Fight the "tough battle" of garbage sorting

Liao Xuemei Cui Yao

Garbage classification is the embodiment of a city’s civilization. After the early promotion pilot, many citizens realized the importance of garbage sorting. The reporter believes that garbage sorting is not only a protracted war, but also a tough battle, and we must not take it lightly.

Practice has proved that it takes time to change residents’ consciousness and living habits. From the experience of Japan and Taiwan Province, it will take about 20 years to reach the consensus of more than 90% people on garbage classification. Only by publicizing the knowledge of garbage classification in schools and units in a down-to-earth manner and doing a good job in the pilot of each street and each community can the trickle flow into the sea.

Winning the tough battle of garbage sorting requires the joint efforts of the government, enterprises and citizens. First of all, citizens should establish a sense of classification, and let garbage classification education enter the campus and the community, and cultivate all parties to develop the habit of garbage classification; Secondly, the government should actively explore ways to use the government to purchase services, give preferential treatment to taxes and fees, give priority to purchasing recycled products, and introduce social capital and strength to actively participate; In addition, it is necessary to establish a long-term mechanism for garbage classification through legislation and compulsory means. In this way, the idea that garbage classification is a new fashion can be deeply rooted in people’s hearts, and more enterprises can join the craze of garbage disposal.