1905 movie network news During the Spring Festival, the martial arts action movie released a special edition of "Once Born, Twice Cooked", in which the masters appeared to share their creative mental journey and the multi-faceted life of the blind man and the orphan Zhang Xiaoyu in their eyes. While maintaining a series of action styles, the film explores the souls of the characters inward and brings the audience a full-fledged viewing experience. The theme of the special edition, "once born, twice familiar", is not only a portrayal of the relationship between characters in the film, but also extends beyond the play — — An action movie "Old Cannon" and a martial arts "Rookie" gradually got along with each other, and took the heart to interpret the chivalrous tenderness of China’s martial arts.

Meet in troubled times! Zhang Xiaoyu, a blind man, rewrites each other’s fate

In the movie "Arrogant 2", as a knife catcher in Youzhou Prefecture, a blind man completes the killing task day after day in exchange for a reward. If the blind man’s "blindness" in the previous film made him choose fearless and bloody revenge. Then the "blindness" in the second part of this series symbolizes the passive seclusion of the blind, with a deep sense of powerlessness. Because there are too many injustices in troubled times, "blindness" is a painful choice that has to be made. For such a heroic image that is not in the traditional sense, the screenwriter and director of the film bluntly said in the special edition: "This one is a very decadent and sad image." But by chance, a blind man saved Zhang Xiaoyu under the knife. The first thing Zhang Xiaoyu said to him was "Can you kill them?" The gear of fate turns from this, and this time, the instinct of chivalry and justice will also closely link the fate of the two!

Listen to the wind knife and there are countless dead souls! Cold face, hot heart, sincere heart.

This special edition shows more touching details in and out of the play: in a fighting scene, Zhang Xiaoyu replaced the blind man’s eyes and told him the enemy’s position. And the scenes of two people talking in the wild and riding horses together. In the interview, Xie Miao also said with deep feelings: "They are two poor people who warm each other in troubled times." But for the knife-catcher played by Xie Miao, the deepest fetter in troubled times is also the biggest weakness. What price will it cost to become blind? How will he punish evil when his anger is rekindled inside? Full of watching makes the audience look forward to the official release of the film.

　　According to the gross domestic product (GDP), Korea, known as the "canary" of global trade, is no longer the top ten economies in the world.

　　According to the data released by the Bank of Korea (BOK) recently, the nominal GDP of South Korea in 2022 was about 1.67 trillion US dollars, ranking first in the United States, with a nominal GDP of about 25.46 trillion US dollars. China ranks second, with $17.88 trillion; The third place is Japan, about 4.23 trillion US dollars.

　　According to this data, South Korea’s nominal GDP fell out of the top ten in the world last year, ranking thirteenth, not as good as Italy ($2.01 trillion), Brazil ($1.87 trillion) and Australia ($1.70 trillion).

　　In this regard, the Korean media exclaimed: South Korea is no longer the top ten economic powers in the world.

　　"The decline in the ranking of (South Korea) is due to the weak won and poor export performance. This is inhibiting economic development. " Sung Tae-Yoon, a professor of economics at Yonsei University, said, "Now we must pay attention to industries other than semiconductors and industries that can find the impetus to revive the long-term economic growth."

　　Blame the strength of the dollar?

　　Nominal GDP is the total value of all goods and services produced in a specific period, which can be used to measure the economic scale of a country. According to this statistical caliber, South Korea ranked among the top ten in the world for the first time in 2005, but it fell out of the "Top Ten Club" several times before 2019, and returned to the tenth place in 2020 and 2021.

　　If calculated in won, the nominal GDP of South Korea in 2022 was 2,161 trillion won, a year-on-year increase of 3.9%. However, due to the depreciation of the won, it decreased by 7.9% in dollar terms. An official of the Bank of Korea said: "Due to the strength of the US dollar last year, most exchange rate conversion indicators (in South Korea) showed poor performance."

　　Under the strong dollar, the preliminary statistics released by the Bank of Korea in March showed that the exchange rate of the Korean won against the US dollar dropped by 12.9% annually last year. Therefore, in addition to nominal GDP, South Korea’s per capita gross national income (GNI) fell to $32,600 last year, a year-on-year decrease of 7.7%.

　　In fact, South Korea, an export-oriented economy, also suffered an unprecedented trade deficit last year. The report "Import and Export Trends in December 2022 and the whole year" released by the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Resources of Korea at the beginning of this year shows that the trade deficit of Korea in 2022 was US$ 47.2 billion, a record high. Specific statistics show that in 2022, South Korea’s exports amounted to US$ 683.9 billion, a year-on-year increase of 6.1%; Imports amounted to US$ 731.2 billion, up 18.9% year-on-year. The trade deficit of $47.2 billion is the first time that South Korea has experienced a trade deficit after 14 years since the global financial crisis in 2008, and its scale is twice that of 1996 ($20.62 billion) before the financial crisis, setting a new record.

　　Since last year, the shrinking global demand, coupled with the sluggish storage semiconductor industry, has seriously dragged down the performance of South Korea’s exports. Since October, 2022, South Korea’s foreign exports have been negative year-on-year for nine consecutive months, and exports continued to decline year-on-year in the first 10 days of July (-14.8%). In terms of the breakdown of South Korea’s trade export structure, semiconductors account for about 20%. Since August 2022, the export volume of South Korea’s semiconductor industry has declined for 11 consecutive months year-on-year, with the decline exceeding 40% for many times.

　　As Korea’s largest export market, the trade structure between China and South Korea has also undergone tremendous changes. According to Korean media reports, the long-standing trade surplus between South Korea and China has turned. In 2022, South Korea’s exports to China reached US$ 155.81 billion, a decrease of 4.4% compared with US$ 162.91 billion in the previous year. Since October 2022, South Korea’s trade with China has experienced a rare continuous deficit, and its scale has continued to expand.

　　Huang Fei, a professor in charge of the Seoul Graduate School of Science, told the First Financial Reporter: "The commodities traded between China and South Korea are mainly light industrial and heavy chemical commodities such as steel plates and fibers, and have changed into high value-added intermediate materials led by semiconductors. This means that the cutting-edge manufacturing industry in China has intensified the export competition between the two countries in the middle and high-tech industries. "

　　In Huang Fei’s view, China enterprises can be found in the fields of LCD panels, smart phones, electric vehicles and new energy batteries, which used to have comparative competitive advantages in Korea.

　　New changes in trade structure

　　Since the global epidemic broke out this year, can the Korean economy get out of the shadows? The Bank of Korea gave a less optimistic expectation. The Bank of Korea said that it is expected that the actual economic growth rate of South Korea may hover around 1.5% this year. "It is unlikely that the total economic scale will return to the top ten."

　　The Update Report on Economic Outlook released by the Bank of Korea on May 25th thinks that the domestic economic growth in Korea continues to be weak, and the economic growth forecast of Korea in 2023 is lowered from the original 1.6% to 1.4%, which is lower than the growth forecast of 1.5% recently put forward by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Korea Development Research Institute (KDI).

　　As far as South Korea’s most dependent semiconductor exports are concerned, the situation in the first half of this year has not improved. According to the latest data from Korean Customs, in the first 10 days of July 2023, Korean semiconductor exports fell by 36.8% year-on-year. However, it is worth noting that while South Korea’s semiconductor exports are declining, South Korea’s automobile exports are catching up. According to the statistics of South Korea, South Korea’s automobile trade balance has jumped to the top in terms of monthly and quarterly since the fourth quarter of last year, far ahead of semiconductors. In the first 10 days of July, the export growth rate of Korean passenger cars has reached 25%.

　　According to Kim Yun-lin, a Korean scholar, it is only a matter of time before automobile exports replace semiconductors to return to the top of Korean exports. Relevant persons of the Korea Trade Association predict that, considering the sharp decrease of semiconductor exports and the trend that automobile exports continue to be firm, the positions of the two export products are about to change: automobiles are expected to return to the top of the export list after 12 years, replacing semiconductors as the strongest pillar of Korean exports.

　　At the same time, South Korea’s trade with China continued in the first half of this year. Among them, the increase in imports of products that are highly dependent on China’s imports, such as batteries, industrial raw materials for storage batteries and computers and electrical appliances, is the main source of the deficit. In the first 10 days of July, South Korea’s exports to China still showed a year-on-year decline trend, with a reduction rate of 20.6%, which has been reduced for 13 consecutive months. At the same time, South Korea’s exports to the United States (-9%), Vietnam (-32.5%), Japan (-20.8%) and other places have also decreased, while exports to the European Union (22.4%) and India (11.1%) have increased.

　　However, Jin Yunlin told the First Financial Reporter that South Korea’s trade deficit has gradually narrowed this year, and it remains to be seen whether the Korean economy will recover in a V-shape or an L-shape. Relevant persons from the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Resources of Korea are more optimistic, and it is expected that Korean semiconductor exports will partially recover from the second half of the year. However, Jin Yunlin believes that as the semiconductor industry is dragged down by various external factors, it is still difficult to predict the recovery time of the industry and the pulling effect on South Korea’s exports.

　　"Popular" in the e-commerce live broadcast room

　　The actual order quantity is very small.

　　"rave reviews" in the online message area

　　Realistic arrival is a big surprise

　　The film and television drama has not been released yet.

　　The audience comments are online first.

　　On the internet, behind many "strange things"

　　Perhaps they are all "network water army"

　　Recently, Guizhou public security organs successfully destroyed a "network water army" criminal gang, involving more than 4.7 million yuan.

　　The picture on the spot is shocking. Netizen: In the humble room, more than a thousand mobile phones are arranged neatly and are working hard.

　　This is an activity site that provides false popularity for the live broadcast room. ▼

　　Some time ago, the public security organs in Qixingguan, Bijie, Guizhou received clues in their work-some people provided paid forwarding, comments, likes and other "network water army" marketing services for merchants through the Internet sales platform.

　　After visiting and investigating, the police found that Zhang, a member of the jurisdiction, used to run an online media company and has been committed to the operation and maintenance of new online media platforms such as short videos and live broadcasts. Recently, he and his wife bought a large number of old mobile phones and hired others to work.

　　After receiving this clue, the local public security organs attached great importance to it and immediately dispatched elite police to set up a task force to conduct an investigation.

　　After analysis and judgment, for a long time, Zhang hired many people and built multiple website platforms to receive orders, providing data growth services for the number of fans, broadcasts, likes and comments of online social platforms, so as to seek illegal benefits.

　　After mastering the relevant criminal facts, the police of the task force launched a unified network-receiving operation. On October 30, in the jurisdiction of Guanyinqiao Street and Mayuan Street in Qixingguan District, two criminal dens were destroyed in one fell swoop and 10 suspects including Zhang and Ge were arrested.

　　After investigation, the criminal suspects Ge and Zhang were husband and wife. They had previously worked in self-media operations, met many advertising companies, and came into contact with some brushing platforms.

　　When they found that "comments and praises", "taking the list" and "complaints and reports" could easily make a profit, they came up with the idea of "brushing and controlling comments" on behalf of customers.

　　As a result, they jointly invested in the purchase of equipment, set up an online company, obtained a large number of accounts through illegal channels, solicited marketing task lists such as "turning to praise and comment" on the internet social platform, and used the brush platform to provide false trading volume, attention volume, page views and evaluation volume for businesses in need, so as to gain illegal benefits.

　　Since 2022, the "network water army" gang has used more than 2,000 accounts to post false comments, likes and forwards more than 80 million times on the short video platform, involving more than 4.7 million yuan.

　　At present, the criminal suspects Zhang and Ge have been taken criminal compulsory measures according to law, and the case is being further processed.

　　In recent years, due to the huge economic benefits brought by the "realization" of traffic, it is not uncommon for the "network water army" to create false enthusiasm for merchants through "brush quantity control and evaluation".

　　This kind of behavior not only damages the market order of fair competition, but also misleads consumers and damages the legitimate rights and interests of consumers and other operators.

　　Seeing this, someone may want to ask.

　　What impact does the "network water army" have on us?

　　Let’s follow Xiaobian.

　　Let’s understand the social harm of the "network water army"

　　01

　　Impairment of fairness and justice

　　The "network water army" publishes false information through false accounts and controls online public opinion, which leads to the inundation of real information and affects the evaluation of social justice.

　　02

　　Affect social stability

　　By creating rumors and inciting emotions, the "network water army" has intensified social contradictions and even triggered social events, seriously affecting social harmony and stability.

　　03

　　Destroy the network ecology

　　The "network water army" disrupts the network order and affects the healthy development of the network environment through a large number of false information and malicious attacks.

　　04

　　Invasion of privacy

　　The "network water army" has done great harm to personal privacy and personal psychology through human flesh search and malicious attacks.

　　05

　　Destroy network security

　　The attack behavior of "network water army" is often accompanied by a large number of malicious codes and viruses, which will pose a great threat to network security, destroy and attack the network, and seriously threaten network security.

　　Police tips

　　"disinformation and drainage", "blackmail by public opinion", "paid deletion of posts", "brushing and controlling comments" and "cyber violence" are all suspected illegal and criminal acts, and netizens should not try their own laws.

　　The network security department of the public security organ will continue to crack down on the illegal and criminal activities of the "network water army", further reduce the living space of the "network water army" and strive to create a fair, just, clear and orderly cyberspace environment.

　　Transferred from | guizhou public security

Special feature of 1905 film network Among the new generation of actors, there are many people with high popularity and strength. However, Huang Xuan, who is very advanced in acting among the new generation of actors, is definitely one of them.

Among this generation of actors, Huang Xuan is also the actor who has cooperated with the most famous directors. Previously, he worked with Lou Ye, a frequent visitor to three major European film festivals, as a blind masseur. He collaborated with Xu Anhua, the best director of the Hong Kong Academy Awards, and played the writer Luo Binji. Last year, he collaborated with director Zhang Yimou in the film The Great Wall, playing General Deng, the general of the shadowless imperial army.

In addition to the film field, even in the field of television, he also cooperated with very famous directors. Working with director Zheng Xiaolong, he plays Junjie, a man from Jiu-Er’s childhood. After that, he cooperated with director Zheng Xiaolong for the second time. In legend of miyue, he played Mi Yue’s first love Huang Xie.

Among these film and television works, the most impressive fear of Huang Xuan is the literary niche. Graduated from Beijing Dance Academy, he once showed a passage in a literary film directed by Cui Jian. Nowadays, he is gradually known as a big hit in the film and television circle, and his films are constantly about to cooperate with big-name directors in the circle again. This year alone, three movies and a TV series will meet the audience.

Extraordinary mission.

Director: Siu Fai Mak/Anthony Pun

Screenwriter: Zhuang Wenqiang

Starring: Huang Xuan/Duan Long/Lang Yueting/Zu Feng/Xing Jiadong/David Wang

Release date: March 31, 2017

"Maizhuang Group" has created many classic Hong Kong films. From the beginning to the end, Siu Fai Mak and Zhuang Wenqiang, whether they are division directors or screenwriters, have their own styles. This time, Siu Fai Mak co-directed with photographer Anthony Pun, and Zhuang Wenqiang acted as a screenwriter, creating a unique anti-drug film again.

Huang Xuan has made new changes by cooperating with Maizhuang Group this time. This is his first time to play the role of tough guy in an action movie, in which he plays Lin Kai, an undercover drug policeman. Duan Long plays "Eagle", the leader behind the villain who confronts him. This is the first time that Duan Long plays the villain.

Huang Xuan has also made a lot of preparations for this action play, and has been trained in gun posture and marksmanship for a long time, and the training of close combat has not fallen behind. However, he was injured on the set when he appeared in an action movie for the first time, because the motorcycle was too fast to brake well and his foot was injured. But in the end, I still endured the pain and finished the filming.

There are many passages in this film in which Duan Long and Huang Xuan confront each other head-on. Duan Long is recognized as an acting school, and his contest with Huang Xuan is very exciting.

Fanghua

Director: Xiaogang Feng

Screenwriter: Yan Geling

Starring: Huang Xuan/Vivi/Elaine Zhong/Yang Caiyu/Li Xiaofeng/Wang Tianchen/Wang Keru/Sui Junzhuoma.

Release date: October, 2017

Xiaogang Feng is another famous director harvested by Huang Xuan. The film co-produced by them is the first work of Mira Media, a Xiaogang Feng company. The film focuses on the experience of the art troupe that Xiaogang Feng wants to shoot most.

Fanghua tells the story of the love and fate of the young people of the army art troupe in their prime. Huang Xuan plays Liu Feng, the only leading actor in this film. Liu Feng is called Living Lei Feng in the Art Troupe, simple and kind. His emotional entanglement with several other girls in the Art Troupe, such as He Xiaoping, Xiao Suizi, Lin Dingding, Hao Shuwen and Chen Can, reflects his personal destiny under the background of the great era.

The screenwriter of this film is Yan Geling, and both she and Xiaogang Feng have a story complex in this era. The prototype of Xiao Suizi in this film is Yan Geling himself. Xiaogang Feng denied that the man in the film reflected himself. What Fanghua wants to express is the commemoration of youth and the praise of life. The film started shooting in January this year and is expected to be finished in mid-April.

Liu Feng, played by Huang Xuan, also has many dance performances in the film. After resuming relevant training, he has recovered the feeling of dancing that year. In this cruel story of youth in the 1970s, Huang Xuan was not only the leading actor, but also the leading dancer made him a bright spot in the dance.

Legend of the Demon Cat

Director: Chen Kaige

Screenwriter: Hui-Ling Wang

Starring: Huang Xuan/Shōta Sometani/Yuqi Zhang/Qin Hao/Sandrine Pinna/Haoran Liu/Oho Ou/Edward Zhang/Abe.

Release date: December 22, 2017

Chen Kaige is another great director in cooperation with Huang Xuan. It started shooting in August 2016 and was announced on December 29. The film was filmed after Huang Xuan cooperated with Zhang Yimou and before Xiaogang Feng cooperated.

The Legend of the Demon Cat is adapted from Baku Yumemakura, a famous Japanese writer. It mainly tells the story that a demon cat makes the atmosphere in Chang ‘an very strange, and Konghai and Bai Juyi explore the real secrets behind it.

Huang Xuan plays Bai Juyi, one of the leading men in this film, and his word Lotte is used in the film. We are familiar with the poet played by Huang Xuan. His Pipa Trip is a household name. In The Legend of the Demon Cat, he and Shōta Sometani, the monk Kong Hai, will become "detectives" and face a fantastic story.

Huang Xuan is very serious in acting. In The Legend of the Demon Cat, he tried to experience the feeling of collapse without sleeping for three days. He himself also said in the dialogue that he would read Bai Juyi’s poem during the filming period, and often read it until the early hours of the morning and kept crying.

Huang Xuan has cooperated with a number of great directors in the past two years, which can be described as a "famous guide harvester". His works have become more and more, but you know, Huang Xuan, who just stepped into the entertainment industry, was not so lucky.

Originally chosen to play the role of director Zhang Yimou, he missed the role of the little prince because of his younger age. Lou Ye’s early works were finally cut to the back. He has been repeatedly changed corners and cut plays, and he has always insisted on playing a role in the film and finally made his official debut. In recent years, Huang Xuan has changed from a literary niche to a popular actor, and his popularity and influence have been constantly improved. He has also accumulated his own wealth. Turning into a tough guy and harvesting a famous director, his attitude and charm are very attractive.

The 1905 Film Network and China Film Report recently launched a series of programs called "As an idol, I would like to have virtue and art", and Huang Xuan will be a guest program on March 16th to talk about his view of virtue and art.. Remember to pay attention!

Palm oil, as one of the most important vegetable oils in the world, its quality characteristics directly affect its application in many fields such as food processing, biofuels and cosmetics. The quality of palm oil is mainly determined by its fatty acid composition, free fatty acid (FFA) content, oxidation stability and color.

Firstly, the fatty acid composition of palm oil is the core index of its quality. Palm oil is rich in saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids, among which palmitic acid and oleic acid are the most important components. This balance of fatty acids makes palm oil have good stability at high temperature and is suitable for cooking and food processing. However, the composition of fatty acids will also affect the melting point and curing characteristics of palm oil, which needs special attention in the use process.

Secondly, the content of free fatty acids (FFA) is an important index to measure the freshness of palm oil. The higher the FFA content, the higher the oxidation degree of palm oil and the worse the quality. Palm oil with high FFA content will not only affect the taste and color of food, but also shorten the shelf life of food. Therefore, when using palm oil, products with low FFA content should be selected as far as possible to ensure the quality and safety of food.

Oxidation stability is another key factor of palm oil quality. Palm oil is easily affected by oxidation during storage and use, leading to rancidity and odor. In order to improve the oxidation stability of palm oil, measures such as adding antioxidants, controlling storage temperature and avoiding light can be taken. These measures can not only prolong the shelf life of palm oil, but also keep its quality stable during use.

In addition, the color of palm oil is also an important embodiment of its quality. High-quality palm oil usually has a bright red or orange color, which is due to its rich carotenoids. However, in the process of food processing, too deep color may affect the appearance of products. Therefore, when palm oil is used, it may be necessary to adjust its color through decoloration to meet the needs of different products.

When using palm oil, it is also necessary to pay attention to its compatibility with other ingredients. The fatty acid composition and physical properties of palm oil may affect its performance in the mixture. For example, when making margarine or shortening, the solidification characteristics of palm oil need to match other oils to ensure the texture and taste of the product.

In a word, the quality characteristics of palm oil affect its use effect in many aspects. Understanding these characteristics and taking corresponding measures can ensure the best performance of palm oil in various applications. Whether in food processing or other fields, the selection and use of high-quality palm oil is the key to ensure the quality of the final product.

[Disclaimer] This article only represents the author’s own views and has nothing to do with Hexun. Hexun.com is neutral about the statements and opinions in this article, and does not provide any express or implied guarantee for the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the contents. Readers are requested for reference only, and please take full responsibility. Email: news_center@staff.hexun.com.

[car home Huai ‘an Preferential Promotion Channel] Recently, there was a car buying craze in Huai ‘an market. At present, this model is in a vigorous preferential period, with the highest preferential amount reaching an astonishing 159,500 yuan, and the lowest starting price has dropped to 303,100 yuan. If you are planning to buy this electric car, you might as well seize this rare opportunity and click "Check the price of the car" in the quotation form to get a higher discount.

The exterior design of BMW i4 shows its unique charm as a luxury electric vehicle. The front face adopts a brand-new closed kidney-shaped air intake grille, with sharp LED headlights and unique daytime running lights design, creating a strong futuristic and sporty atmosphere. The body lines are smooth and dynamic, and the waistline of the car side extends from the front fender to the rear of the car, outlining an elegant and dynamic outline. On the whole, the design of BMW i4 has both a sense of technology and luxury, which shows its unique identity as an electric luxury car.

The body size of BMW i4 is 4785*1852*1455mm and the wheelbase is 2856mm. The side lines of the car body are smooth and dynamic, with a front track of 1601mm and a rear track of 1630 mm.. With 18-inch rims, the front tyre size is 245/45 R18, and the rear tyre size is 255/45 R18, which shows the sporty rim design and adds a lot of fashion sense to the vehicle.

The interior design of BMW i4 embodies the combination of modernity and luxury. The center console is equipped with a 14.9-inch touch screen, which provides drivers with rich multimedia and navigation information. The steering wheel is made of leather, which supports manual adjustment up and down and back and forth, providing a comfortable and accurate driving experience. The car is also equipped with multiple USB and Type-C interfaces, which is convenient for passengers to connect equipment and charge. In terms of seats, BMW i4 offers a variety of material options, including imitation leather, genuine leather and leather /Alcantara mix, to meet the needs of different consumers. The front seat supports heating, front and rear adjustment, backrest adjustment, height adjustment (4-way), leg rest adjustment and lumbar support (4-way), providing excellent comfort and support. In addition, the car is also equipped with a mobile phone wireless charging function to make driving more convenient.

The BMW i4 is equipped with an excellent motor with a maximum power of 210 kW and a maximum torque of 400 Nm, which provides the vehicle with strong power output and excellent acceleration performance.

The owner of car home said: "The configuration parameters of Series I’s 3, 5 and X3 are almost the same, except that the shell has been changed. I want to buy the I4 for more than 100,000 yuan. Of course, it is still imported, so there is no need to do such a thing as buying it home and deducting the label. At first glance, the big nostrils are not mediocre. When I drive out, people are guessing at 600,000. I am sorry. "

1905 movie network news　On the evening of February 26th, local time in the United States, the 89th Academy Awards ceremony was held as scheduled. Undoubtedly, this will be an Oscar that will be remembered by history. Despite winning six awards, including Best Director and Best Actress, the much-anticipated winner suffered a "shocking reversal" in the best film awarding process, and was robbed of the golden statuette by his opponent on the stage. Casey affleck helped Manchester by the Sea win the precious Best Actor Award.

Jackie Chan appeared at the Oscar.

On the same day, Chinese movie star Jackie Chan also appeared at the award ceremony as the winner of this year’s Oscar "Lifetime Achievement Award".

"la la land" suffered a shocking reversal and won 6 awards, which failed to break the Oscar record.

On the 24th of last month, the Academy announced the finalists of this year’s Academy Awards. Among them, "la la land" continued its strong performance in the Golden Globe Awards and once again led with an overwhelming 14 nominations. This figure is comparable to the previous achievements. Therefore, people are beginning to look forward to whether la la land, which has a great reputation in the award season, can finally achieve a breakthrough, surpassing Titanic and the record of 11 awards.

Oscar "Oolong" live

However, it’s a pity that la la land didn’t have a chance to create its own Oscar glory after missing the technical awards such as best editing, best sound editing, best sound effect and best costume design. Not only that, in the final best film award session, Oscar also played the biggest joke on la la land: Although it won six trophies one after another, it was immediately told after being declared as the "best film" of this year’s Oscar. Both the creator of "la la land" who is giving a thank-you speech and the director Moonlight under the stage are stunned at that moment.

The high commander of "forcing a smile" after Oolong

It turned out that the awarding guests mistakenly got the "envelope" of the prize for the best actress when they went on stage. Therefore, after the two producers of "la la land" had already delivered their acceptance speeches, Moonlight’s cast was re-staged. Director Barry Jenkins said excitedly: "Many things can’t happen in dreams, but today he has become a reality here." He also said that in the process of filming this film, he thought about giving up several times, but fortunately he persisted. In addition to the Best Film Award, Moonlight also won the Best Supporting Actor and the Best Adapted Screenplay Award that night.

Cassie grabbed the winner’s tears, and the stone sister pressed Hupel Natalie to seal it.

Casey affleck shed tears at the scene.

Because of their outstanding performances in the films "Manchester by the Sea" and "la la land", casey affleck and Emma Stone were widely regarded after being selected for the Best Actor and Actress Award. Although Kathy was strongly blocked by the leading actor Denzel Hayes Washington Jr. before the Oscar ceremony, his accurate "desperate performance" in Manchester by the Sea made him the best actor. After the results were announced, Kathy burst into tears: "I want to say something more meaningful and highly, but I look at you and just want to say that I am glad that I am among you."

Emma Stone won the best actress.

On the other hand, as for the best actress, Emma Stone, the "Stone Sister", "played invincible hand all over the world" almost after the premiere of "la la land", although she competed with issbelle huppert, a well-qualified French national treasure actress, and Natalie Portman, an Oscar winner. In the end, after sweeping the Golden Globe Award, BAFTA Award, Best Actress in Screen Actors Guild Awards and Venetian Film Festival, Emma Stone won the Oscar successfully, and finally won the golden statuette after being nominated twice.

In terms of supporting role awards. The best supporting actor was undoubtedly awarded to Mahershala Ali, and he won something when he was nominated for the Oscar for the first time. Among the Moonlight, Mahershala Ali successfully played a drug Lord with both good and evil. This complex emotional role made him popular in the industry. Before the Oscar, Ali had been recognized in the award season indicators such as screen actors guild awards, LA, D.C. and NYPD Awards.

The best supporting actress award was won by another black actor, viola davis, who was nominated for the Oscar for the third time after 2009 and 2012. In the end, she defeated naomie harris (Moonlight), Nicole Kidman (The Lion), octavia spencer () and michelle williams (Manchester by the Sea) who were also shortlisted. In the film "Fence", viola davis interprets the female role who pursues her dreams and struggles with her fate. Her intense performance also makes her gain the highest attention and reputation in the whole award season.

"Animal City" won the best animated feature film "Salesman" directed by Trump from a distance.

The director of Salesman was not present.

Although the highest-grossing animated film of the year was unfortunately not nominated for the best animated feature film, it was also produced by Disney and Pixar, and as a "patch" work, it won the Oscar for best animated short film. Although the whole film is only 6 minutes long, this beautifully made bird, which is cute in off the charts, has won the love of countless audiences. As one of the "most suspense-free" awards of this year’s Oscar, it was widely expected to win the best animated feature film award. The main creator said: "We had the idea of creating this work a few years ago, and it is really timely to release it now. This is a story about tolerance, strength and fear. Thank you to the global audience for loving and accepting our film. "

In the first half of the awards season, Iranian director Fahati’s Salesman was not outstanding, and both of them were equally well received, especially the former, which seems to be more in line with the consistent taste of Oscar in the best foreign language film award. However, after Trump, the new president of the United States, came to power and promulgated immigration policies for some countries and regions, "Salesman" won a great deal because of political factors. "What could be more ironic than awarding an Oscar to a director who can’t be there?" Fahati won his second golden statuette in such a voice. At the scene, the valet guests also made a speech for him: "It is very dangerous to simply divide the world into the relationship between ourselves and the enemy. Movies allow us to expose human nature and break our inherent impression of the world. Now, our world urgently needs such a spirit. "

Oscar’s second-time replica of "Chicken Feather Show": Tourists enter the venue to visit Damon, and the whole process is spit out.

After Matt Damon took office, he was rectified.

After jimmy kimmel, the popular reality show host, was announced to be the host of this year’s Oscar ceremony, everyone was full of expectations for what tricks "Chicken Feather" could make on the spot. Sure enough, jimmy kimmel, who confessed from the beginning that "this is my first time hosting an Oscar, and it should be the last time", did not disappoint people, and turned the award ceremony into an all-star and upgraded "feather show".

Compared with previous years, jimmy kimmel has brought more interactive links to the scene, such as Justin, the opening guest of the poisonous tongue, letting countless sweets and biscuits "fall from the sky", and organizing Oscar nominees to read the sharp spit of netizens and tweet to invite Trump to spit … … Of course, the most unexpected thing is to randomly open the doors of Dolby Theatre and invite a group of tourists to interact with the Hollywood superstars present. Denzel Hayes Washington Jr., who was nominated for Best Actor in Fence, even acted as a witness on the spot.

As jimmy kimmel’s "sworn enemy", Matt Damon and he have been fighting a war of words repeatedly for many years and have been "forbidden" to participate in the chicken feather program — — Chicken feather show. This time, although Matt Damon came to the Oscar scene as the producer of the best film shortlist, it still can’t reduce the hostility of "Chicken Feather" to him. In addition to the daily teasing in the process of hosting, Chicken Feather also specially produced a short film to spit on Matt Damon, even when the other party presented awards, repeatedly asking the accompaniment band to "turn up the volume! Send him home! "

Click to view the full list of winners.

　　Recently, Tokyo Electric Power Company of Japan conducted an internal investigation on the reactor containment of Unit 1 of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, and thought that the "control rod drive mechanism" at the bottom of the reactor pressure vessel might partially fall off and cause perforation at the bottom of the vessel.

　　Japan’s Kyodo News reported on the 16th that the investigation of TEPCO was carried out from March 28th to 31st, and the company put underwater robots into the containment of stagnant water. When the camera is used to photograph the surroundings, there is a space where no image is displayed, which is said to mean that the bottom of the pressure vessel is perforated. The attached blocks are considered as fuel fragments, which strongly interfere with the captured images and may have a high radiation around them. Blocks suspected of molten nuclear fuel (fuel fragments) are attached to the inner wall of the pressure vessel base. According to the analysis of TEPCO, "the heat of fuel fragments leads to the perforation of pressure vessels".

　　According to TEPCO, the control rod drive mechanism is a device that lifts the control rod from the lower side of the pressure vessel to adjust the output power of the reactor. At present, the tubular rod bundle about 4 meters long is lower than the normal position, and part of it falls to the bottom of the containment.

Original KATY B?RNER and other intelligence clubs.

introduction

With the progress of science, the research on citation network, research results, science policy and so on has attracted more and more attention, and gradually formed an interdisciplinary subject-the Science of Science. In 2018, many scholars led by Albert-László Barabási, a network scientist, published a heavy review in Science, which comprehensively introduced this "high-level discipline" from the interdisciplinary methods of scientology and the guidance of scientology to improve scientific research productivity.

Santo Fortunato, Carl T. Bergstrom, Katy Brner et al | Author

Chen Xi |

Cui Haochuan | proofreading

Wangyi Lin, Deng Yixue | Editor

catalogue

I. Structure Summary

1. Background

2. Progress

Step 3 look ahead

Second, the text

1. Summary

2. A network of scientists, scientific research institutions and scientific research ideas.

3. Selection of research questions

4. Innovation

5. Dynamics of scientists’ academic career

6. Team research

7. The dynamics behind the cited quantity

8. Outlook

Attachment: References

I. Structure Summary

1. Background

Nowadays, with the increasing digital access to the whole process of scientific research, including scientific research fund support, academic production, scientist cooperation, citation of articles and career movement of scientists, people have gained unprecedented opportunities to explore the structure and development of science. The science of science (hereinafter abbreviated as SciSci) provides a quantitative understanding of the interaction between scientific units with different space and time scales: it allows us to understand the conditions behind "creativity" and the process of scientific discovery, and its ultimate goal is to develop a series of policies and tools that can accelerate scientific research.

In the past ten years, science of science has attracted scientists from natural, computer and sociological research backgrounds. Together, they built scientific research big data for empirical analysis and generation model research to capture the productivity behind science and the development and changes of practitioners. Scientology hopes to understand and promote various factors in scientific research more deeply, so as to solve environmental, social and technical problems more effectively.

Science can be regarded as an expanding and evolving network of ideas, scholars and papers. Science of science explores the universal laws of universal or specific fields based on scientific structure and dynamics.

2. Progress

Science can be described as a complex, self-organizing and evolving network. It consists of scholars, papers and ideas. This method of describing the problem explains many potential models, for example, the study of cooperative networks and the study of citation networks explain the birth of new disciplines and the birth of major discoveries. The microscopic model tracks the dynamics of citation accumulation, which enables us to predict the influence of a single paper in the future.

Scientology reveals the choices and trade-offs that scientists face in expanding their careers and scientific horizons. For example, the analysis shows that scholars don’t like risks and prefer to study topics related to their current professional knowledge, which limits their potential for future discovery. Those who are willing to break this pattern will engage in higher-risk careers, but they are more likely to make major breakthroughs.

In a word, the most innovative science is based on the traditional combination of disciplines, but this combination is often unprecedented. Finally, with the shift of research work from individuals to teams, scientology pays more and more attention to the influence and significance of teams in scientific research. Some studies have found that revolutionary ideas are usually born in small teams. In contrast, large teams tend to advance research in frontier areas and gain high but usually short-term influence.

Step 3 look ahead

Scientology provides a quantitative understanding of the structural framework among scientists, research institutions and ideas. It helps to identify the basic mechanism behind scientific discovery. These interdisciplinary data-driven contents supplement the contents of scientometrics and related fields such as economics and sociology of science.

Although scientology is eager for long-term universal laws and mechanisms applicable to all scientific fields, it first needs to face the inevitable differences in culture, habits and preferences between different fields and countries. This change makes it difficult to understand some cross-disciplinary opinions and implement relevant scientific policies. The differences between scientific research problems and data are generally related to the field, which also implies that the research of science of science will change accordingly in the future because of "subject characteristics"

Densification of scientific boundaries is also a signal of interdisciplinary exploration, integration and innovation.

Second, the text

1. Summary

Identifying the driving force behind scientific development and constructing a model that can capture scientific development can guide people to design policies to promote scientific progress. For example, by strengthening the policy design of scientists’ career path, better scientific performance evaluation, more effective funding design, and even identifying the frontier research that will be born. Scientology uses large-scale data about scientific production to find the laws and patterns of universal and specific disciplines. Here, we review the latest development of the interdisciplinary field of science of science.

A large number of digital data about academic output provide an unprecedented opportunity for exploring the model to characterize the structure and evolution of science. Scientology puts the process of scientific development under a microscope and has a quantitative understanding of the origin of scientific discovery, creativity and practice. It can develop tools and policies to accelerate scientific progress.

The emergence of scientology is driven by two key factors.

The first is the availability of data. In addition to the proprietary Web of Science(WoS), it is the first citation index with a long history, and there are many data sources today (Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, US Patent and Trademark Office, etc.). Some of these sources are provided free of charge, covering millions of data points related to scientists and their achievements, which come from all walks of life, north and south.

Secondly, scientology benefited from the influx and cooperation of natural, computational and social scientists, who developed data-based tools to enable key tests to run on generative models, aiming at revealing the phenomena discovered by science, their internal mechanisms and driving forces.

One of the highlights of this emerging field is the process of breaking the boundaries of disciplines. Scientology integrates research findings and theories from multiple disciplines and uses a wide range of data and methods.

From scientometrics, I learned the methods of analyzing and measuring large-scale data sets. From sociology of science, it learned some theoretical concepts and social processes; From innovation research, it explores ways from scientific discovery to invention and economic change.

Science of science depends on the integration of a wide range of quantitative methods, from descriptive statistics and data visualization to advanced econometric methods, network science methods, machine learning algorithms, mathematical analysis and computer simulation, including agent-based modeling.

The value proposition of scientology is based on the assumption that with the in-depth understanding of the factors behind successful scientific breakthroughs, we can grasp the scientific research progress as a whole, so as to solve social problems more effectively.

2. A network of scientists, research institutions and ideas.

Contemporary science is a dynamic system driven by the complex interaction among social structure, knowledge representa-tions and the natural world. Scientific knowledge consists of concepts and relationships in research papers, books, patents, software and other artificial products in academic fields. These contents are classified into disciplines and broader fields according to distance and closeness. These social, conceptual and material elements are interrelated through formal and informal information, ideas, scientific research practices, tools and case information flows.

Therefore, science can be described as a complex, self-organized and developing multiscale network.

Early research found that the number of scientific documents accumulated exponentially with time (2), and the number of documents would double in an average of 15 years (Figure 1). However, don’t think that scientific ideas have multiplied with the number of documents. The technology and economy of the publishing industry have also improved with time, and the production efficiency of published articles has also improved. In addition, newly published articles in the field of science tend to gather in different knowledge fields (3).

Through large-scale text analysis, researchers use phrases extracted from titles and abstracts to measure the cognitive degree of scientific literature. They found that the scope of scientific concepts expanded linearly with time. In other words, although the number of published articles increases exponentially, the new concept is that it increases linearly with the passage of time, as shown in Figure 1. （4）

Figure 1 The growth of science. (a) Extract the relationship between the annual output of literature and time in WoS database. (b) The growth of new scientific discoveries covered by indexed documents in B)WoS. This is determined by counting the number of concepts in a fixed number of articles (4).

Words and phrases commonly used in article titles and abstracts spread through citation networks, forming a pattern, which will be replaced by new paradigms at some time (5). By applying the network science method to the citation network, researchers can identify the communities corresponding to the subsets of published articles that frequently quote each other (6). These communities usually correspond to groups of authors (7) who share a common position on specific issues or practitioners (8) who work on the same specialized scientific topics. Recently, an article focusing on biomedical science shows how the growth of publications has strengthened the "subject community" (9).

Once a new paper is published, the relationship between scientists, drugs, diseases and methods ("these things" are nodes in network analysis), that is, hyperedge in network analysis, will be updated and strengthened. Most newly established links are only one or two steps away from each other, which means that when scientists choose new research topics, they prefer to choose content directly related to the current professional knowledge or the professional knowledge of their collaborators. This densification shows that the existing scientific structure may limit people’s research content in the future.

Densification of scientific boundaries is also a signal of interdisciplinary exploration, integration and innovation.

The life cycle analysis of eight research fields (10) shows that successful fields have gone through the process of knowledge and social unification, which leads to a huge channel in the collaborative network (104), which can be compared with a large group of co-authors under normal conditions. The mathematical model in which a scientist random walks to choose a collaborator on the cooperative network successfully reproduces the productivity of the author, the number of authors in each discipline, and the interdisciplinary nature between the content of the paper and the author (11).

3. Selection of research questions

How do scientists decide which research problems to study? Scientific sociologists have long speculated that these choices are determined by the tense game between the risks of traditional research and innovation (12, 13). Scientists who adhere to the tradition of research in their fields will usually promote the research process of key topics by publishing a series of steady research results, thus appearing fruitful.

However, focusing too much on a topic may limit researchers’ ability to perceive and seize opportunities. These opportunities can find new ideas to promote the development of this field. For example, a case study on the relationship between biomedical scientists’ choice of new chemicals and existing chemicals shows that with the maturity of research field, researchers pay more and more attention to existing knowledge (3).

Although innovative articles often have a greater impact than conservative articles, high-risk and high-innovation strategies are rare, because extra rewards can’t make up for the risk of publishing failure. Awards and honors seem to be the main incentives to resist conservatism. They can break the tradition and give people new surprises. Although there are many factors that affect the work that scientists have to do, the macro-model of controlling the change of research interest in scientific undertakings is obviously traceable, and these laws are hidden in the career path of scientific research and scientists. （14）。

Scientists’ choice of research topics mainly affects their personal careers and the careers of those who depend on them. However, the decision-making of scientists sometimes plays a greater role in determining the direction of scientific discovery (Figure 2). Conservative research strategies mean that (15) personal career development has a stable and good prospect, but the promotion effect on the whole discipline is poor. This strategy is magnified by a phenomenon called file drawer problem (16): results inconsistent with established assumptions are rarely published, leading to systematic bias of published research. The untenable and false content is sometimes even regarded as a classic (17).

File drawer problem:

Refers to the researcher’s bias in selecting references, and the documents that do not meet the research purpose will stay in the drawer instead of taking them out for reference.

More bold hypotheses may have been tested by generations of scientists, but only those who are successful enough to produce articles can be known to us. One way to solve this conservative trap problem is to urge funding agencies to actively sponsor risk projects that test new hypotheses, so that special interest groups can undertake research on special diseases.

The results of quantitative analysis show that the distribution of biomedical resources in the United States is related to historical distribution and research, rather than to the severity of actual diseases (18), pointing out the systematic dislocation between biomedical needs and resources. This dislocation makes people wonder to what extent these funds run by scientists with solid habits can affect the development of science without additional supervision, encouragement and feedback.

4. Innovation

The analysis of articles and patents proves that the rare combination of scientific discovery and invention tends to get higher citation rate (3). Interdisciplinary research is a symbolic reorganization process (19); Therefore, the successful combination of historically irrelevant ideas and resources is very important for interdisciplinary research, which is often counterintuitive and leads to highly influential new ideas (20). However, the evidence from the fund application shows that when faced with truly novel (21-23) or interdisciplinary (24) research topics, the expert evaluation system usually gives lower scores.

Figure 2 Choose the experiment to accelerate collective discovery.

(a) A study measured the discovery efficiency of all new drugs published in MEDLINE in 2010. The model does not consider the difference in difficulty or cost of specific experiments. The efficiency diagram of this global scientific strategy reflects the relationship between the newly published new biochemical pathway (horizontal axis) and the average number of experiments (vertical axis). Correspondingly, the network diagram between drugs can be made. The researchers used all kinds of hypothetical strategy efficiency to compare with the actual situation, and found the optimal strategy of the best network with complete randomness and 50% and 100%. A lower value on the vertical axis indicates a more effective strategy, and the mode of new discovery is not optimal. The actual strategy is most suitable for discovering 13% of chemical networks, while the 50% optimized strategy is effective for discovering 50% of chemical networks, but both of them are not as good as the 100% best strategy for revealing the whole network.

(b) In reality, drug discovery networks can be plotted in the form of charts. The new connection born by this strategy is the research around some "important" and highly related chemicals, such as the hot spots in the picture, but the 100% efficient research strategy shows a more uniform discovery law and is unlikely to "follow the crowd" in the space of scientific possibility. （15）

The most influential scientific work mainly comes from the combination of conventional content, but it also comes from the unusual combination (25-27). This type of paper is twice as likely to get a high citation rate (26). In other words, the mixture of new and existing elements is the safest way to succeed in scientific progress.

5. Dynamics of scientists’ academic career

Under the broad market background of knowledge production and utilization, various academic professions have emerged (28). Therefore, scientific professional achievements are not only studied in terms of individual motivation and marginal productivity (relative gain and energy) (29), but also tested in terms of institutional motivation (30,31) and competition (32). It is necessary to combine large-scale metadata)(33) of individuals, geography and time with high content resolution to construct a career trajectory that can be analyzed from different angles. For example, a study found that funding schemes that tolerate early failures (rewarding long-term success) are more likely to produce influential published articles than funding for short-term review cycles (31).

Competitive interactive system with time scale is a classic problem in complex system science. The multi-angle nature of science is the driving force to generate a model, which can highlight the unexpected consequences of policies. For example, the career development model shows that short-term contracts are an important reason for productivity fluctuations, because it usually leads to the sudden end of a career.

The difference in productivity and career length can explain the difference in cooperation mode (38) and recruitment rate (35) between male and female scientists. On the other hand, experimental evidence shows that prejudice against women occurs in the early stage of career. When gender is randomly assigned in the resumes of a group of applicants, the recruitment committee systematically belittles the achievements of female candidates (40).

Up to now, most studies have focused on relatively small samples. Improving and compiling large-scale scientists’ data sets and using information from different sources (for example, publishing records, funding applications and awards) will help to understand the causes of inequality more deeply. Establish a motivation model that can provide information for policy solutions.

The mobility of scientists is another important factor in providing diversified career opportunities. Most researches on talent mobility focus on quantifying the inflow and outflow of talents in countries or regions (41,42), especially after policy changes. However, there is still little research on personal mobility and its career impact, mainly because it is difficult to obtain longitudinal information about scientists’ migration and the explanation of the reasons behind the mobility decision.

According to the number of articles cited, it is found that scientists who have left their country of origin perform better in the number of articles cited than those who have not left. This may stem from a choice preference: a good scholar (who has the ability to go abroad) can easily get a better position (a stronger team). （43，44）。 In addition, scientists tend to move between institutions with equal reputations (45). However, when quantifying the impact of job-hopping by citing, no increase or decrease in the system is found, even if the scientist moves to a relatively high or low-level institution (46). In other words, it is not the institution but the individual researchers who make up the institution that have an impact.

Another potential factor affecting career is reputation, and the dilemma it brings to the starting point of reviewing literature, evaluating proposals and making decisions. The reputation of the author, measured by the total citation of its previous output, can significantly increase the number of citations of the paper in the first few years after publication (47). However, after this initial stage, the impact depends on the scientific community’s acceptance of the work. This discovery and the work in citation (46) show that reputation is not the primary productive force for fruitful scientific undertakings, but hard work, talent and advancing despite difficulties are the driving factors.

A policy-related question is whether creativity and innovation are related to age or career stage. After decades of research on outstanding researchers and innovators, it is believed that the major breakthrough occurred in a relatively early stage of career, with a median age of 35 (48).

However, recent work shows that this tendency of fully recording early career discovery is completely explained by the tendency of productivity, which is very high in the early stage of a scientist’s career and then declines (49). In other words, there is no age pattern in innovation: the paper most cited by a scholar can be any of his or her papers, regardless of the age or career stage at the time of publication (Figure 3). The stochastic model describing the development of influence also shows that the breakthrough is produced by the combination of scientists’ ability and the selection of problems with high potential, intuition and luck (49).

Fig. 3 The influence of science of science on science profession

(a) Publication records of three Nobel Prize winners in physics. The horizontal axis represents the number of years after the winners first published their articles, each circle corresponds to a research paper, and the height c10 of the circle represents the influence of the paper, which means the number of citations after 10 years. The highest impact papers of the winners are indicated by orange circles.

(b) Histograms of papers with the highest impact in the sequence of papers by scientists, calculated for 10,000 scientists. The flatness of the histogram shows that in the sequence of papers published by scientists, the time when the most influential work appears may have the same probability (49).

6. Team research

In the past decades, the dependence of scientific research on teamwork has increased day by day, which represents a fundamental change in the way of scientific research. A study of authors of 19.9 million research papers and 2.1 million patents found an almost universal trend of teamwork in scientific research (50) (Figure 4). For example, in 1955, the scientific and engineering team wrote the same number of papers as a single author. However, by 2013, the proportion of papers written by teams increased to 90% (51).

Nowadays, papers written by scientific and engineering teams are 6.3 times more likely to get more than 1,000 citations, or more citations than individual papers. This phenomenon cannot be explained by self-citations (50,52). One possible reason is that the team can come up with more novel combinations of ideas (26) or produce resources that other researchers can use later (for example, genomics).

The data shows that the team is 38% more likely to combine the scientific breakthrough content into the familiar knowledge field than the individual author, which proves the premise that the team can combine different majors together, thus effectively promoting the scientific breakthrough. Having more collaboration means increasing the visibility among scholars through more co-authors, so they may introduce each other’s work into the internal network of scientific research, which means that each researcher should share his reputation with his colleagues (29).

Figure 4 Team size and impact

In the past century, the average team size has been steadily expanding. The red dotted line represents the average number of co-authors in all papers; The black curve considers the average team size of articles with more citations than the average in the field. The black curve is systematically above the red dotted line, which means that large teams are more likely to produce high-impact work than small teams. Each chart corresponds to a discipline category specified by WoS (a) science and engineering, (b) social science, and (c) arts and humanities.

On average, researchers from large teams can get more citations in various fields. Research shows that small teams tend to change science and technology with new ideas and opportunities, while large teams promote the existing research process (53). Therefore, it may be important to finance and train teams of all sizes to ease the bureaucracy of science (28).

At the same time, the team size is increasing at an average rate of 17% every ten years (50, 54, 105). This trend has changed because of the underlying structure of the team. Scientific teams include small, stable "core" teams and large teams, and dynamically expanding teams (55). The increasing team size in most fields is produced by the continuous expansion of dynamic expansion teams, which start with small core teams, but then attract new members through the original accumulation based on productivity. Scale is the key determinant of team survival strategy: if small teams maintain a stable core, they will survive for a longer time, but large teams can survive for a longer time by showing the mechanism of member mobility (56).

With the acceleration and complexity of science, the tools needed to expand the frontier of knowledge are increasing in scale and accuracy. For most individual investigators, research tools are too valuable, but so are most institutions. Academic cooperation has always been a key solution to this problem, so that resources can be more concentrated on scientific research.

The Large Hadron Collider at CERN is the largest and most powerful particle collider in the world. Its birth cannot be ignored by academic cooperation. More than 10,000 scientists and engineers from more than 100 countries participated in the establishment of this collision. However, with the increase of scale, the balance between value and risk related to "big science" comes into being (2). Although it can solve a bigger problem, the problem of scientific repeatability requires you to repeat the experiment, which may not be feasible in practice or economy.

Collaborators will have a great influence on science. According to recent research (57,58), a scientist who loses a star collaborator will experience a sharp drop in productivity, especially if the scattered collaborator is an ordinary researcher. The average number of citations of published articles with strong cooperators will increase by 17%, which shows the value of professional cooperation (59).

In view of the increasing number of authors in research papers, who should and does get the most reputation? The classic theory of the misallocation of reputation in science is Matthew effect (60), in which scientists of higher status who participated in cooperative work gained excessive reputation for their contributions. It is difficult to assign credibility to collaborative participants because individual contributions cannot be easily distinguished (61). However, it is possible to check the common patterns of co-author papers to determine the reputation assigned by each co-author in the group (62).

7. The dynamics behind the cited quantity

Academic citation is still the mainstream way to measure academic achievements in science. In view of the long-term dependence on mainstream citation standards (63-66), the dynamic law of citation accumulation has been verified by several generations of scholars. According to the pioneering research of Price(67), the distribution of citations in scientific papers is highly biased: many papers have never been cited, but pioneering papers can accumulate 10,000 or more citations. This uneven citation distribution is a powerful, natural and innovative attribute of scientific change. When papers are grouped by institutions, it also holds (68). And if the number of citations of a paper is divided by the average citations of the same year of the paper’s classmates, the score distribution obtained is basically the same for all disciplines (69, 70) (Figure 5A).

This means that the influence of papers published by different disciplines can be compared by looking at the relative references. For example, a mathematics paper with 100 citations has a higher academic influence than a microbiology paper with 300 citations.

Fig. 5 universality of citation dynamics

(a) If the citation frequency c of each paper is divided by the average citation frequency c0 of all papers in this discipline, then the citation distribution of papers published in the same discipline and year is basically uniform in all disciplines. The dotted line is a lognormal fitting curve. （69）

(b) The citation history of four papers published in "Physical Review" in B)1964, according to its unique dynamic selection, shows "jumping decay" mode (blue), peak delay (purple), stable citation number mode (green) and rising citation index (red). (c) The citation of a single paper is determined by three parameters: fitness λ, immediacy μ, and longevity σ. The citation of each paper in (b) is readjusted by appropriate (λ, μ, σ) parameters, and the four papers are merged into a general function, which is the same for all disciplines. （77）

The tail information of distribution can capture the number of high-impact papers and reveal the mechanism that drives the accumulation of citation numbers. Recent analysis shows that it follows the power law distribution (71-73). The tail of power law can be generated by the process of accumulating advantages (74), which is called preferential attachment)(75) in network science, indicating that the probability of citing papers increases with the increase of the number of citations it has accumulated.

Such a model can be used together with other characteristics of citation dynamics, such as the obsolescence of knowledge, to enhance the descriptive nature of the model. The number of articles cited decreases with time (76, 79, 106), or a fitness parameter can be used to correspond to the attraction of each paper to the scientific community (77,78). Only a small number of papers can’t be described by the above hypothesis, and they are called "Sleeping Beauty" because they were ignored for a period of time after publication, but after a period of time, they suddenly received a lot of attention and quotations (80,81).

The above formation mechanism can be used to predict the citation dynamics of a single paper. A prediction model (77) assumes that the citation probability of a paper depends on the number of previous citations, and the number of citations of this article can be predicted by considering the obsolescence factor and fitness parameter of each article (Figure 5, B, C). The long-term impact of a scientific research work can be inferred (77). Other studies have identified predictive indicators related to paper impact factors (82), such as journal impact factors (72). Some studies show that a scientist’s h-index(83) can be accurately predicted (84). Although if the career stage of scientists and the accumulation and non-decline of h- index are taken into account, the prediction accuracy will be reduced (85).

Behind eliminating the inconsistency of quantitative evaluation indicators and commonly used statistical data in science, the internal mechanism of generating these data is a very important mechanism in scientific research.

8. Outlook

Although scientific research does have its universality, the differences in substantive subject background in culture, habits and preferences make it difficult to understand some cross-disciplinary opinions in some fields, and the corresponding policies are difficult to implement. The differences between the questions, data and skills required by each discipline indicate that further insights can be obtained from scientific research in specific fields. These research simulations and predictions are adapted to the needs and opportunities in each subject area. For young scientists, the research results of scientology provide effective insights from past scientific research and help guide them to foresee the future (Box1).

Box1: Lessons from Science of Science

Innovation and tradition: pure, truly innovative and highly interdisciplinary ideas may not reach the scientific influence they can achieve. In order to enhance its influence, new ideas should be published in the existing academic environment (26).

Persistence: As long as the research status is maintained, there will never be a case that a scientist is "too old" to make a major discovery (49).

Cooperation: Now the research mode is shifting to teams, so it is beneficial to participate in cooperation. The works of small teams are often more subversive, while those strong teams often have more resources to do more influential big work (4,50,53).

Reputation: Most reputations will belong to co-authors who have consistently worked in the field of literature publishing (62).

Funding: Although the judging panel promises to support innovation, they are actually more inclined to ignore innovation. Funding agencies should ask reviewers to evaluate innovation, not just the success they expected in their minds (24).

The contribution of science of science of science of science of science is that it begins to understand the relationship structure among scientists, institutions and ideas in detail, which is the key starting point to identify the operating mechanism behind it. In a word, these data-driven works supplement the contents lacking in related research fields, such as economics (30) and sociology of science (60,86).

Causal estimation is a typical example in economics. Econometrics research will collect and use comprehensive data sources to simulate the needs (31,42). Evaluating causality is one of the most needed future developments of science of science: many descriptive studies have revealed the strong correlation between scientific research structure and successful results, but the degree to which a specific structure "leads" to the results has not been explored-we don’t know the causality behind the correlation.

By establishing closer cooperation with researchers, scientology will be able to better identify the connections found from models and large-scale data, which have the potential to promote the birth of relevant policies. But the experiment of scientology may be the biggest challenge that scientology has not yet faced. Running randomized controlled trials will change the research process of individuals or scientific institutions supported by taxes, and such a high cost will inevitably lead to criticism and obstacles (87).

Therefore, in the near future, quasi-experimental approaches will be dominant in scientific investigation.

Most scientific research takes scientific research literature as the main data source, which means that the research objects of this discipline are those successful cases. However, most scientific research has failed, sometimes even a huge failure. In view of the fact that scientists fail more than they succeed, it is very important to understand when, where, why and how ideas fail. These studies can provide meaningful guidance for the recurring crisis and help us solve the file drawer problem. By revealing creative activities, these studies can also greatly promote the interpretation of human creativity.

Similar to the economic system, the scientific system is an economic system that uses one-dimensional "currency" quotations. This implies that classes also exist in the scientific research system, in which "the richer the rich" inhibits the spread of new ideas, especially those new scientists and those who do not conform to the traditional identity in a specific field.

The scientific system can be improved by expanding the number and scope of performance indicators. In this regard, it is very important to develop alternative indicators to measure the metrics covering web )(88), social media (89) activity and social impact (90). Other measurable dimensions include information (such as data) shared by scientists and competitors (91), the help they provide to their peers (92), and their reliability as peer reviewers (93).

However, due to the need for a large number of indicators, more work needs to be done to understand the role of each indicator and what it does not capture, so as to ensure meaningful interpretation and avoid abuse. Science of science can make various contributions by providing models, which can deeply understand the coverage of scientific performance indicators and the mechanism behind them. For example, the empirical model observed when using alternative indicators (for example, the distribution of document downloads) will enable us to explore their relationship with the measurement system based on the number of citations (94) and identify black-box operations.

Combining the index based on the number of citations with other indexes will promote the diversified development of scientific research and realize the division of scientific research productivity, so scientists can achieve achievements in different ways. Science is an ecosystem, which needs not only publication, but also disseminators, teachers and experts who pay attention to details. We need people who can ask novel and innovative questions and who can answer them. If curiosity, creativity and knowledge can be effectively exchanged-especially information about the application and social impact of science and technology-more diversified methods can reduce duplication and science can flourish (95).

One problem that science of science tries to solve is the allocation of scientific funds. The current peer review system is biased and contradictory (96). Several alternatives have been proposed, such as random allocation of funds (97), professionals-oriented funds (31) that do not involve proposal and review system, review mechanism (98) that is open to online people, review mechanism (99) that removes reviewers’ performance, and scientist crowdfunding (100) funds.

A key field of future research of SciSci is the integration with machine learning and artificial intelligence, so that objective machines can work with human beings. These new tools will have a pleasant far-reaching, because machines may broaden the horizons of scientists more than human collaborators. For example, self-driving vehicle is a machine learning technology, which is a successful combination of known driving technology and unknown driving habit information. The study of mind-machine partnership has provided a wide range of positive effects on decision-making in a wide range of fields such as health, economy, society and law (101-103). How to improve science through the relationship between machine and mind, and how to arrange it to make scientific development more effective? These questions help us to understand the future science.

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Compilation: Translation Group of Jizhi Club

Source: science

Original title: science of science

Original address:

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6379/eaao0185

Original title: "A Summary of Science Long Articles: What is Science of Science | New Year Special"

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　　This year marks the 40th anniversary of China’s reform and opening up. 40 years of reform and opening up has made great achievements that attract worldwide attention, which has brought about earth-shaking changes in China. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that "great efforts should be made to sum up and apply the successful experience of China’s reform and opening up". It is of great theoretical and practical significance to sum up the valuable experience of China’s reform and opening up in the past 40 years to further accelerate the reform and opening up in the new era, uphold and develop Socialism with Chinese characteristics and realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party held in 1978 opened the historical journey of China’s reform and opening up. Since then, our Party has United and led the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country to make unremitting efforts, wrote a magnificent epic of the Chinese nation’s unremitting efforts to strive for self-improvement, pushed China’s economic strength, scientific and technological strength, national defense strength and comprehensive national strength into the forefront of the world, and promoted China’s international status to an unprecedented level. The face of the Party, the face of the country, the face of the people, the face of the army and the face of the Chinese nation have undergone unprecedented changes. China has accumulated a lot of experience in the 40 years of reform and opening up, and the valuable experience of fundamental significance that deserves our firm grasp mainly includes the following aspects:

　　We must adhere to the direction of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

　　Reform and opening up is a profound revolution, and we must adhere to the correct direction and advance along the right path. Over the past 40 years, the people of China have been working hard and tenaciously, greatly liberating and developing the social productive forces, and always striving for progress and forging ahead, opening up the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics. Over the past 40 years, China’s economic strength and comprehensive national strength have been greatly improved, people’s lives have improved significantly, its international status has been unprecedentedly improved, and its economic aggregate has leapt to the second place in the world, successfully achieving a leap from a low-income country to a middle-income country. Practice has proved that the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics is feasible, right and good. Reform is a reform that keeps advancing on the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, and adhering to the direction of Socialism with Chinese characteristics is the fundamental reason for the success of China’s 40 years of reform and opening up. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out, "Our reform and opening up has a direction, a position and principles." "If we don’t implement reform and opening up, we will die, and we will deny the socialist direction ‘ Reform and opening up ’ We say that Socialism with Chinese characteristics is socialism, that is, no matter how we reform and open up, we will always adhere to the Socialism with Chinese characteristics Road, Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory System and Socialism with Chinese characteristics System. In the face of the actions of hostile forces in the west and some people with ulterior motives in spreading fallacies and confusing people on the reform issue, we must keep a clear head and maintain political firmness.As General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized, to firmly grasp the correct direction of reform, we must stand firm and take a clear-cut stand on fundamental issues such as roads, theories and systems, and in the face of major issues.

　　We must constantly promote the China of Marxism.

　　Reform and opening up is an unprecedented innovative practice, and the process of promoting reform and opening up is a process of crossing the river by feeling the stones and constantly summarizing scientific theories in practice and guiding reform with scientific theories. In the past 40 years, China has made great achievements in reform and opening up. The key is that we not only adhere to the basic principles of Marxism, but also continue to promote the China of Marxism according to the practice of contemporary China and the development of the times, thus forming and developing the system of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory. Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era is the latest achievement of Marxism in China and an important part of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s theoretical system. In this thought, it is clear that the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform is to improve and develop the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system, promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, and emphasize persisting in comprehensively deepening reform and promoting the building of a community of human destiny. An important experience of the success of China’s 40-year reform and opening-up is that it has neither lost its ancestors nor developed them, and guided the practice of China’s reform and opening-up with contemporary Marxist scientific theory in China.

　　We must uphold and improve the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership.

　　The most essential feature of Socialism with Chinese characteristics is the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership, and the greatest advantage of Socialism with Chinese characteristics system is the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership. The Communist Party of China (CPC) is the leading core of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s cause, and reform and opening up is a new great revolution led by the Party under the new era. China’s reform and opening-up is carried out under the condition that the productive forces are relatively backward, and there are many institutional drawbacks in the production relations and superstructure. It is the self-improvement and development of the socialist system and a profound and complicated revolution, which determines that the reform must be carried out in a planned, step-by-step and orderly manner under the leadership of the Party. Our party deeply understands that to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, we must conform to the trend of the times, conform to the wishes of the people, be brave in reform and opening up, and make the cause of the party and the people always full of powerful motivation to forge ahead courageously. Our Party unites and leads the people to carry out the new great revolution of reform and opening up, breaks down all ideological and institutional obstacles that hinder the development of the country and the nation, opens up the road to Socialism with Chinese characteristics, and makes China catch up with the times in great strides. At the same time, with the deepening of China’s reform and opening up, party building needs to be strengthened. It is an important experience of China’s 40 years of reform and opening up to the outside world to promote the cause of China’s reform, opening up and socialist modernization by constantly strengthening and perfecting the Party’s leadership, so that the Party will always become the strong leadership core of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s cause.

　　We must adhere to the people-centered value orientation

　　The people are the creators of history and the main force to promote reform and opening up. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that "reform and opening up is the cause of hundreds of millions of people, and we must persist in respecting the people’s initiative and promoting it under the leadership of the party" and "we must adhere to the unity of the people’s dominant position and the leadership of the party and rely on the people to promote reform and opening up". An important experience of China’s 40 years of reform and opening up is that our party has always adhered to taking the people as the center and respecting the people’s dominant position. Throughout the process of reform and opening up, the Party has always adhered to the basic principle of historical materialism that the people create history, represented the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China, and widely mobilized the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of the people. It has always taken the people’s support or disapproval, approval or disapproval, happiness or unhappiness, and consent or disapproval as the test criteria, and has always insisted that development is for the people, development depends on the people, and development results are shared by the people. It is precisely because the party has always adhered to the people-centered political stance and value orientation, and has always regarded the people’s longing for a better life as an important goal to promote reform and opening up. Our reform and opening up has always broken through difficulties and made brilliant achievements that have attracted worldwide attention.

　　We must persist in emancipating our minds, seeking truth from facts, advancing with the times and being pragmatic.

　　The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party re-established the ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts, and opened a new era of China’s reform, opening up and socialist modernization. Since then, our Party has kept pace with the times and insisted on integrating the basic principles of Marxism with the concrete reality of China. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has persisted in emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keeping pace with the times, seeking truth from facts and being pragmatic. With great political courage and strong responsibility, it has continuously made new breakthroughs in the journey of comprehensively deepening reform, and promoted the historic achievements and changes in the cause of the party and the country. The practice of 40 years has fully proved that China’s reform and opening-up has precisely defined the historical stage and fundamental task of China’s social development, scientifically formulated a series of principles and policies for reform, opening-up and modernization, and gradually explored a Socialism with Chinese characteristics road suitable for China’s national conditions, thus making the reform and opening-up achieve brilliant achievements.

　　We must correctly handle the relationship between reform, development and stability.

　　Reform, development and stability are inextricably linked, organically unified and indispensable. Reform is a powerful driving force for economic and social development and the foundation for achieving social stability; Development is the purpose of reform, and the key to solving all problems in China must rely on reform and development; Stability is an important prerequisite to ensure the success of reform and development. Therefore, we must make overall arrangements for reform, development and stability. Reform is the driving force, development is the goal, and stability is the premise. The relationship between reform, development and stability runs through the 40-year reform process. The experience of 40 years of reform and opening up has proved that only by correctly handling the dialectical unity relationship between reform, development and stability, consciously grasping the strength, speed and social affordability of reform, and taking continuous improvement of people’s lives as an important combination point to deal with the relationship between reform, development and stability, can we really promote reform and development while maintaining social stability, thus realizing the sustained and healthy development of China’s economy and society and continuously advancing the great process of reform, opening up and modernization.

　　(Written by Han Zhenfeng)