Unit personnel (vocational reform) department:

Persons who are under investigation for suspected economic or other major problems, have not yet closed the case, have been taken compulsory measures and are under criminal punishment.

3. If the personnel of public institutions are given a demerit by administrative punishment or a serious warning by party discipline, they shall not declare to participate in the evaluation of professional titles during the period of punishment.

4. Those who cheat or falsify in the examination or declaration of professional titles shall not declare within 3 years.?/span>

5. The individual’s annual assessment results of continuous accumulated seniority before the declaration are once or more.Below "Qualified" (excluding "Qualified")People of different grades.

(3)

(one) published version of professional monographs and co-authors (No.oneThe author or indicate that I have taken the lead in writing chapters) or translated works (independent authors)one Above the Ministry.

(2) publish high-level professional papers in public journals. one More than (the first one Author).

(three) long-term work in non-public economic organizations and social organizations and enterprises and institutions below the county level can provide one Articles written by myself and verified by the unit are true and not less than5000The professional work research articles or scientific research achievements analysis articles.

https://hnjtzc.hnjt.org.cn:18080/jtt

Attachment 1 Requirements for Application Materials for Senior Professional Title of Traffic Engineering (1).doc

Attachment 2 Requirements for Application Materials for Evaluation of Senior Professional Titles in Traffic Engineering (2).doc

Attachment 3 Payment Requirements for Senior Professional Titles of Traffic Engineering. wps

　　It has been half a month since the normalization of nucleic acid screening in various places. As the weather turns hot, the work of nucleic acid sampling and sample transportation becomes more difficult. Experts said that although the working environment is even worse, especially for some outdoor sampling points, the sample collection, storage and transshipment work should still be carried out in accordance with the specifications and should not be slack.

　　Battery car transfer sample

　　June 15th is the first hot day since Shanghai entered Mei, with the temperature climbing to 36 degrees and the outdoor ground temperature even higher. The first financial reporter saw in an open-air nucleic acid detection point in Shanghai that the temporary tent could not stop the scorching sun, and the sampling personnel wore protective clothing, and their faces were sweating, while there were no electric fans or cooled ice cubes outdoors. Also exposed to the scorching sun are tubes of nucleic acid reagent samples being collected.

　　The sampling time at this sampling point is from 1: 00 to 4: 00 in the afternoon. After the sampling stopped at 4: 00, the staff put the last batch of samples into a suitcase-sized small refrigerator, which was close to 4: 30. A courier arrived at the testing point by car battery car, ready to take them away.

　　I saw that the picker opened the refrigerator and hastily stuffed nearly 20 tubes of nucleic acid reagents in sealed bags into black shoulder bags, while the battery car was filled with yellow medical waste bags collected from multiple inspection points.

　　Now he will carry the samples and medical wastes to a nearby "transfer station", and then these uniformly collected samples will be transferred to the designated testing laboratory by special vehicles. He claimed that this was the sixth time he had transshipped samples today, three times in the morning and three times in the afternoon, thus ending the six-hour working day agreed in the contract.

　　According to the transshipman, the point where he collects samples every day is not completely fixed, and sometimes an extra sampling point is added temporarily, which leads to the delay of his arrival at the next point, so the actual working time is more than 6 hours.

　　A sampler of normalized nucleic acid kiosks told the First Financial Reporter that in principle, a batch of samples will be transported away every hour, but in practice, the time is not so fixed, mainly depending on whether there are enough people to transport them. Their main tool is a battery car, which transports the reagents collected from several nearby testing points to the assembly point and then sends them to the testing laboratory by special car.

　　However, for the above process, an infectious disease expert with rich field sampling experience said that this sample processing method is worrying, and the sample storage and transshipment are very inconsistent with the basic norms.

　　"We who do infectious diseases know that the most important thing is that all operations must be carried out in strict accordance with norms and standards. The storage temperature and transfer time of nucleic acid samples have strict standardized processes, which is definitely not convenient." The above experts told the First Financial Reporter.

　　The guide has clearly stipulated.

　　The Implementation Guide for COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing Organization (Second Edition) clearly stipulates the preservation and transportation of samples, which should be kept at low temperature (2-8 degrees Celsius). In principle, samples should be collected every 2 hours for transportation, and the samples should be delivered to the laboratory 4 hours after collection.

　　On the basis of the above guidelines, Shanghai has further put forward "126" requirements for nucleic acid testing institutions, that is, collecting and transporting a batch of samples every hour, transporting the samples to the testing institutions in 2 hours by vehicles, and completing the testing in the laboratory within 6 hours. In terms of sample transfer, the time requirement is reduced by half compared with the guideline, but in fact, it is very difficult to achieve such a goal. If the sample is not transferred in time, it will not only affect the quality of the sample, but also affect the waiting time for detection.

　　In this regard, the above-mentioned infectious disease experts told the First Financial Reporter: "Since there are norms, it should be strictly implemented in accordance with the norms. For example, it is stipulated that samples should be shipped every hour or two, and someone should come to pick them up when they arrive, instead of seeing that there are enough people to pick them up. If not, just wait."

　　The expert also warned that as the weather gets hotter, if the nucleic acid reagent cannot be stored at low temperature in time during transportation, or exposed to the sun for a long time, it will increase the risk of inaccurate nucleic acid test results.

　　He told the First Financial Reporter: "You should know that ribonuclease is ubiquitous. It exists in the air and anywhere. When you open the lid of the nucleic acid test tube, it may enter the test tube. At the temperature above 37 degrees, Rnase will easily degrade RNA, and the whole process only takes 10-15 minutes. If there is a very low virus load in the test tube, it will be diluted after ten mixes.

　　According to the observation of the first financial reporter at some nucleic acid detection points, in some mixed-tube tests, the actions that do not meet the operating standards include picking a person without screwing on the cover, which also increases the risk of exposing the sample to the air.

　　The above experts added that although adding some components, such as diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC), to the reagent can help to inhibit Rnase, these components will increase the cost of the reagent, and standard nucleic acid reagents are generally not added. "The easiest way is to keep it at low temperature and transport it in time. Even using ice cubes to cool down is helpful. Ice cubes have no cost and can be reused." He told the first financial reporter.

　　He also stressed that the basic operation in transferring samples is to put the samples into two-layer sealed packages and avoid the test tubes from tipping, so as to prevent the reagent from leaking and polluting other samples because the cover is not tightened.

　　Professor Lu Hongzhou, president of Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, told the First Financial Reporter: "The best way to solve this problem is to collect samples regularly."

　　Professor Shen Hanming, an expert in cell biology at the University of Macau, told CBN: "In theory, there is a protective solution in nucleic acid reagents, and some components can inhibit RNA degradation to a certain extent, but even so, in principle, reagents should not be stored at room temperature and high temperature for a long time."

　　Movie network news(Photo/Qian Jiayi/Yang Yaru) Although 18 years have passed, no one who has seen it will forget Tony Leung Chiu Wai’s sausage mouth, Joey Wong and Leslie Cheung’s flirting swords, the big boots on Zhong Zhentao’s head, the phrase "banana, you are a guava" and the funny performances of big names such as Jacky Cheung, Brigitte Lin, Maggie Cheung and Carina Lau. This popular film was shot in Liu Zhenwei in 27 days. Recently, Liu Zhenwei was at the premiere of the film, revealing the reason for the lack of shooting time, all because of Wong Kar-wai’s harm.

　　"East into West is a movie I hate most, because I had to finish it in 27 days without a script, which was really painful." Liu Zhenwei looked a little sad. Referring to the reasons for being forced to be helpless, Liu Zhenwei revealed that it was all because of the snail speed of Wong Kar-wai’s filming. "I wanted to shoot &lsquo at the earliest; Ashes of time ’ The story when I was young, and then I called Wong Kar-wai. He said that it was very good. After we found the investment, Wong Kar-wai was responsible for shooting the first episode, and I will shoot the second episode. "

　　Liu Zhenwei sighed, "As a result, a month passed, and I went to Wong Kar-wai’s crew to watch it again. He was still filming the scene on the day when he turned on the phone 30 days ago. I was so anxious that I was sweating. Later, the date of film delivery was approaching, and Wong Kar-wai said to let me shoot a top film quickly, so that he could finish the filming, so I only spent 27 days filming" East into West "and didn’t expect the film to sell well.

　　As for the new version, Liu Zhenwei said, "Although I hate it the most, a reporter told me a few years ago that she would watch this movie regardless of her emotions, which moved me very much, so I told her that I would shoot a new one for them, so there was 2011."

　　Liu Zhenwei said, "2011 is not just funny like the last one. This one adds a lot of warmth, and these warmth things come from Leslie Cheung. Leslie Cheung and I are very good friends, and I hope my brother can see 2011, which is also a memorial to him. " Liu Zhenwei said emotionally, "I hope everyone can feel the spirit of Liu Zhenwei: always love the people and things around us."

　　It is reported that "2011 East into West" will be released nationwide on November 24th, which brings together Zhong Zhentao, Karen Mok, Eason Chan, Crystal, Deng Lixin, Kimi, Sitar tan and other stars.

　　Changsha Evening News (all-media reporter Peng Fang correspondent Chloe Wang Zeng Fan) Ms. Li, 50, has the greatest pleasure of cooking a sumptuous dinner for her family after work every day. A few days ago, Ms. Li participated in the physical examination of the unit. The results of low-dose spiral CT showed that "the space-occupying lesion of the upper lobe of the right lung does not rule out malignant lesions", and she was subsequently diagnosed as peripheral lung cancer in Hunan Cancer Hospital. Ms. Li wondered how she and her family could get lung cancer because they don’t smoke, and they usually have a healthy diet and a regular schedule. Wang Wenxiang, director and chief physician of the Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital, pointed out that in recent years, more and more patients with peripheral lung cancer were found in physical examination, and most of them were female patients who did not smoke. The academic circles thought it was related to their long-term exposure to high-temperature kitchen fumes.

　　Some surveys have found that women’s long-term exposure to high-temperature fumes will increase their risk of lung cancer by 2-3 times. Among non-smoking female lung cancer patients, more than 60% have long-term exposure to kitchen fumes; 32% women like to fry food in high-temperature oil when cooking, and the kitchen doors and windows are closed or poorly ventilated.

　　Wang Wenxiang pointed out that different cooking oils have different smoke points, and the higher the smoke point, the healthier the cooking oil. Among the commonly used edible oils, camellia seed oil has a high smoke point and can be used as a healthy first choice for cooking. In the cooking process, try to use medium fire, and control the temperature when cooking, so as not to smoke as the limit, which can not only reduce the damage of fatty acids and vitamins caused by high temperature, but also minimize the generation of smoke; Try to choose a pot with a thick bottom for cooking, so as to reduce a lot of oil smoke generated by the sharp rise of temperature in the wok; Try to use cooking methods such as steaming, boiling and stewing to reduce the oil smoke caused by frying; Ensure good ventilation in the kitchen, clean the range hood regularly, and wear a mask when necessary to reduce the smoke inhalation.

　　Wang Wenxiang reminded that the clinical cure rate of early lung cancer is over 80%, especially for women’s early lung cancer, most of which are peripheral lung cancer. Thoracoscopic surgery can achieve radical cure of lung cancer through 1 ~ 3 keyhole-sized operation incisions, and the curative effect is not inferior to that of large incision open surgery.

guide reading

On September 4th, the newly-developed recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine for inhalation (adenovirus type 5 vector) was put forward by the National Health and Wellness Commission, and was approved by National Medical Products Administration to be used as booster for emergency use, making it the first inhaled COVID-19 vaccine in the world.

On October 25th, Shanghai started the registration of intensified immunization with recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation (adenovirus type 5). On 26th, the immunization with recombinant Covid-19 vaccine (adenovirus type 5) for inhalation was started.

What is recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation? This non-injected, non-cold chain COVID-19 vaccine was called "revolutionary ideal" by Academician Chen Wei. What’s good about this "ideal" vaccine?

Chen Wei, researcher of Academy of Military Sciences, vice chairman of China Association for Science and Technology and academician of China Academy of Engineering.

↓↓↓

Studies at home and abroad have proved that enhanced immunization with Covid-19 vaccine can enhance the protection effectiveness and prolong the protection period.

The so-called atomization inhalation immunity means that the vaccine is atomized into tiny particles by an atomizer, and then enters the respiratory tract and lungs by breathing inhalation, thus stimulating mucosal immunity, which cannot be brought by intramuscular injection. Generally, intramuscular injection of COVID-19 vaccine can only induce humoral immunity and cellular immunity. In addition, immunization with atomized inhalation is painless and has higher accessibility.

Immune response and specific antibodies induced by intramuscular injection are easier to enter the blood circulation system, but their contents in nasal cavity and lungs are not high enough to achieve immune effect quickly when the virus invades. It takes a certain reaction time for these antibodies to reach the respiratory tract from the blood, but the virus invades our body and usually seizes this time difference, so many people are infected during this time.

However, this non-injected vaccine is inhaled, and only one-fifth of the dose of the vaccine is injected each time. It can also induce mucosal immunity through atomized inhalation to achieve the best effect of triple immunity, which can not only block the infection of Covid-19, but also inhibit the spread of the virus.

According to the relevant requirements of the state, citizens only need one dose of hypohomologous booster immunization or sequential booster immunization at present. When people aged 70 and over are vaccinated, they should be accompanied by family members or volunteers.

COVID-19 vaccine for inhalation 18 questions

1. What is recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation?

Answer: The recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation (adenovirus vector type 5) uses an adenovirus vector harmless to human body to deliver the genetic material expressing S protein into human body, and uses an atomizer to atomize the vaccine into tiny particles, which can reach the lung tissue through oral breathing by inhalation, thus stimulating triple immunity of mucosa, body fluid and cells.

2. What are the conditions for inoculation of recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation?

A: At this stage, the inactivated vaccine produced by Sinopharm China Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Sinopharm China Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd. and Beijing Kexing Zhongwei Biotechnology Co., Ltd. and the intramuscular recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (adenovirus type 5) produced by Kangxinuo Biological Co., Ltd. can be used to carry out one dose of booster immunization for people aged 18 and above for six months. Recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation (adenovirus type 5 vector) is not used for basic immunization for the time being.

All kinds of people only need to be vaccinated with one dose of hypohomologous booster immunization or sequential booster immunization.

3. What is the dose of recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation?　

A: The dosage is 0.1mL each time.

4. Can people over 60 be vaccinated? Can people under 18 be vaccinated with recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation?

A: At present, the recommended vaccination population for inhalation dosage forms is people aged 18 and above.

5. How effective is the booster immunization of recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation?　

A: At present, the clinical study of sequential booster immunization with recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation and inactivated novel coronavirus vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 and above in China shows that sequential booster immunization with recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation and inactivated vaccine can significantly enhance the immune response.

6. What is the immune persistence of recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation?

A: Immunization persistence research shows that after 6 months of heterologous inoculation with recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation, the neutralizing antibody remains at a high level.

7. What is the safety of recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation?

A: A safety study conducted among tens of thousands of people showed that the recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation was safe for people over 18 years old, and no serious adverse reactions were found.

8. What are the vaccination contraindications of recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation?

Answer: (1) Those who are allergic to the active ingredients, any inactive ingredients and substances used in the production process, or those who have been allergic to similar vaccines before.

(2) Those who have had severe allergic reactions to vaccines in the past (such as acute allergic reactions, angioneurotic edema, dyspnea, etc.).

(3) Patients with uncontrolled epilepsy and other progressive nervous system diseases have a history of Guillain-Barre syndrome.

(4) People who are suffering from fever, or acute diseases, or acute attacks of chronic diseases, or patients with uncontrolled serious chronic diseases;

(5) Pregnant women.

9. Can patients with chronic diseases be vaccinated with recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation?

A: According to the Technical Guidelines for Vaccination in Covid-19 (First Edition), people with chronic diseases are at high risk of severe illness and death after being infected with Covid-19. People with chronic diseases with stable health and good drug control are recommended to be vaccinated. Vaccination is suspended when chronic diseases are in acute attack. Have a history of convulsion, epilepsy, encephalopathy or mental illness or family history; Have a history of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis and other basic diseases or abnormal lung function; Use with caution in patients with impaired immune function (such as malignant tumor, nephrotic syndrome and other immunodeficiency diseases).

10. Do people cured in COVID-19 need to be vaccinated with recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation?

A: According to the Technical Guidelines for Vaccination in Covid-19 (First Edition), it is rare for Covid-19 to be reinfected within 6 months after infection. In the past, COVID-19 virus infected people (patients or asymptomatic infected people) can be vaccinated with one dose after 6 months on the basis of full notification.

11. Can people with allergies be vaccinated with recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation?

A: In the Technical Guide for Vaccination in Covid-19 (First Edition), it is clear that those who have had severe allergic reactions to vaccines in the past (such as acute allergic reactions, angioneurotic edema, dyspnea, etc.) are contraindications for vaccination of Covid-19 vaccines; In addition, the severity of allergies and allergens should be considered and implemented according to the doctor’s advice.

12. How to inoculate recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation?

A: Please practice several times before inhaling, and then start the formal vaccination.

Step 1: Take a deep breath first (do not exhale into the atomizing cup);

Step 2: hold the nozzle of the atomizing cup in your mouth, and inhale deeply until there is no fog in the cup;

Step 3: Hold your breath for more than 5 seconds (at least 5 seconds), then breathe normally, and the inoculation is over.

13. Under what circumstances should we re-inhale recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation on the spot?

Answer: (1) There is obvious misty gas in the atomizing cup after inhalation;

(2) Cough and early exhalation occur during inhalation (including 5-second breath-holding period).

Suction failure needs to inhale a dose of vaccine again, and only one repeated inhalation is allowed.

14. What should I pay attention to after vaccination with recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation?

A: You should stay on the spot for at least 30 minutes after inoculation. Avoid contact with previously known allergens and common allergens within one week after inoculation, and try not to drink alcohol, eat spicy food or seafood. It is recommended to have a light diet and drink plenty of water.

15. What adverse reactions may occur after vaccination with recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation?

A: Common systemic adverse reactions include symptoms such as fatigue, headache, fever, dry mouth and swollen throat. Generally, they can recover by themselves without special treatment.

16. Will the inoculation of recombinant Covid-19 vaccine for inhalation affect the results of nucleic acid test and antigen test?

Answer: The characteristic of adenovirus vector COVID-19 vaccine is that it only contains the gene sequence of S protein and expresses antigen in human cells, and it does not contain the open reading frame 1ab(ORF1ab) and nucleocapsid protein (N protein) at the nucleic acid detection site, so the vaccination of this vaccine will not cause COVID-19 to be positive for nucleic acid detection.

17. Can I be vaccinated during pregnancy?

A: If you are pregnant after vaccination or have been vaccinated in the case of unknown pregnancy, based on the understanding of the safety of the above vaccines, it is not recommended to take special medical measures (such as termination of pregnancy) just because you have been vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine. It is recommended to do a good job in pregnancy examination and follow-up. For women who have a pregnancy plan, it is not necessary to delay the pregnancy plan just because of Covid-19 vaccination.

18. After three injections, do I need to get another vaccine for inhalation?

A: According to the guidelines on vaccination work, those who have already completed the booster immunization will not be given further booster immunization at this stage.

Source: The Paper, Shanghai Publishing, Jinshan CDC, Science and Technology Daily. 　 　

　　Xinhua News Agency, Tokyo, August 24th(International observation) How to talk about honesty after a long period of planning — — Before and after Japan’s decision to discharge nuclear polluted water into the sea

　　Xinhua news agency reporter

　　According to the decision of the Japanese government, Fukushima nuclear polluted water began to be discharged into the sea on August 24. This sewage disposal process will last for decades.

　　Tracing back to the whole process of Japan’s decision to discharge nuclear polluted water into the sea, we can clearly see that discharging nuclear polluted water into the sea is its long-planned "established policy", which is an out-and-out violation of international law and an extremely selfish and irresponsible state act. As a result, the cost of handling the Fukushima nuclear accident will be passed on to the whole world.

　　Nuclear polluted water has been discharged into the sea for a long time

　　Since the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant suffered a serious accident in March 2011, a large amount of high-concentration nuclear polluted water has been produced every day due to the cooling of the melted core with water and the flow of rainwater and groundwater. In April 2011, Tokyo Electric Power Company, the operator of the nuclear power plant, deliberately discharged nuclear polluted water into the sea, which aroused great concern and concern in society. In December of the same year, TEPCO said that it had formulated a plan to discharge "low-concentration polluted water" into the sea.

　　In March 2013, TEPCO’s key facility "Multi-nuclide Treatment System" (ALPS) was put into trial operation, but since then, there have been many problems: frequent water leakage, and radioactive substances such as strontium in the treated water still exceeded the standard in 2018. In 2021, it was found that nearly half of the filter screen of the exhaust port for adsorbing radioactive substances was damaged & HELIP; …

　　Since ALPS was put into operation, Japan has called the treated nuclear polluted water "treated water". In fact, of the more than 1.34 million cubic meters of nuclear polluted water in the storage tank of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, more than 1.33 million cubic meters have been treated by ALPS, but only about 30% have reached the standard of "treated water" defined by TEPCO, and the so-called "treated process water" that fails to meet the standard accounts for about 70%. Another 9,000 cubic meters of nuclear polluted water has not been treated by ALPS.

　　And how to solve the final destination of these "treated water"?

　　As early as December 2013, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan’s nuclear energy authority, set up a working group to conduct technical discussions on the discharge of "treated water". In June 2016, the working group released a report saying that after the evaluation of five methods, such as ocean discharge, underground burial (adding cement and then burying it underground), stratum injection (injecting it into the depth of stratum by pipeline), steam release (vaporizing it into water vapor and discharging it into the atmosphere) and hydrogen release (electrolyzing it into hydrogen and discharging it into the atmosphere), it is the "lowest cost" method to dilute the "treated water" and discharge it into the sea.

　　This report set the tone for the later sea discharge plan, but it was strongly opposed by Japanese organizations such as agriculture, forestry and fisheries after its publication. Even Masayoshi Yoshino, then Japan’s minister of recovery, said that he opposed the treatment of nuclear pollution into the sea.

　　However, TEPCO and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry have clearly regarded the sea-discharging plan as an "established policy". In July 2017, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry held the "Local Coordination Meeting on Waste Furnace and Pollution Water Countermeasures" in Fukushima City, posing as a gesture of consultation with the local authorities. However, before the meeting, the then president of TEPCO, Takashi Kawamura, claimed to the media that TEPCO had "made a judgment" on discharging the sea, which caused widespread social dissatisfaction.

　　In order to convince the public, the Japanese government set up a committee with experts in related fields. In August 2018, the Committee held hearings in Fukushima and Tokyo, nominally to listen to the opinions of the people, but in fact it was to endorse the sea exclusion plan. At the hearing, Toyoda, then chairman of the Japan Atomic Energy Regulatory Commission, said that "discharging the sea is the only feasible option" was questioned by all parties. For example, in response to the problem of pollution water storage capacity and lack of open space raised by TEPCO, some people pointed out that 100,000-ton large-scale oil storage tanks can be considered, and the Fukushima Second Nuclear Power Plant, which has identified waste furnaces, can be used for open space. In view of the technical difficulty of nuclear pollution water treatment, it is suggested that the water vapor emission method used in the 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear accident in the United States can be adopted. It is also pointed out that the separation technology of radioactive element tritium which cannot be removed by ALPS is under study and should be discharged after the technology is mature and applied.

　　However, in February, 2020, the above-mentioned committee published a report saying that there are "many problems" in formation injection, underground burial and hydrogen release, and that sea discharge and steam release with precedents are the "realistic options", while emphasizing that sea discharge has "many benefits" over steam release.

　　In April 2021, the Japanese government unilaterally announced that it would discharge nuclear polluted water into the sea in 2023, ignoring domestic and foreign objections. Since then, the preparatory work for sea discharge has begun to advance in full swing: in December 2021, TEPCO submitted a construction plan for water discharge equipment to the Atomic Energy Regulatory Commission; In July 2022, the Atomic Energy Regulatory Commission approved the plan; On January 13 this year, the Japanese government confirmed that it will implement the sea discharge in the "spring and summer"; On June 26, TEPCO announced the completion of the construction of sea discharge equipment; On July 7, the Atomic Energy Regulatory Commission delivered the "Certificate of Acceptance" of the sea discharge facilities to TEPCO.

　　Self-directed and self-performed "authoritative certification"

　　On July 4th this year, Grossi, Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), visited Japan and submitted a comprehensive assessment report on the disposal of nuclear polluted water in Fukushima to Japanese Prime Minister kishida fumio. According to the report, Japan’s sea-discharging scheme is generally "in line with international safety standards", so Japan claims that the safety of the scheme has obtained "authoritative certification".

　　However, there are many questions about the fairness and scientificity of this report.

　　First of all, the Japanese side first made a decision to discharge the sea, and then entrusted IAEA to make a safety assessment. Obviously, the purpose is not to find a scientific and reasonable solution, but to use the agency to endorse the sea discharge plan.

　　According to the contents of the report, after the Japanese government announced the decision to discharge the sea in April 2021, it signed an "authorization agreement" with IAEA in July of the same year to entrust "evaluating the safety of ALPS water treatment". The evaluation object is only limited to the sea discharge scheme and does not involve other schemes. This means that the evaluation conclusion cannot prove that the sea discharge scheme is the safest and most reliable scheme.

　　Secondly, before Japan officially authorized the IAEA evaluation, it had already started the relevant layout around the "certification card".

　　In April 2013, shortly after ALPS was put into trial operation, the Japanese government invited an IAEA delegation to Fukushima. The delegation released a report a month later, suggesting that Japan start to study the emission problem. At that time, the Director-General of IAEA was the Japanese Amano. In December 2019, Grossi succeeded Amano as the Director General of IAEA, and Japan continued to work for IAEA. In March 2021, Hiroshi Daiyama, then Japan’s Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, held talks with Grossi, requesting the IAEA to provide support for Japan in eliminating the "reputation damage" caused by nuclear pollution water discharge. On April 14th of the same year, the day after the Japanese government announced its decision to expel the sea, Hiroshi Daishan met with Grossi again, requesting IAEA’s support in environmental monitoring and explaining to the international community.

　　"Tokyo News" reported that in the past, the Japanese government paid a huge share of expenses and other payments to the IAEA, and many departments of the Japanese government sent personnel to the IAEA. These factors will inevitably have an impact on the IAEA’s assessment of the safety of Japan’s nuclear pollution water discharge plan.

　　Members of the Common Democratic Party, the largest opposition party in South Korea, pointed out in a meeting with Grossi on July 9 that it is very regrettable that IAEA did not follow the principles of neutrality and objectivity, catered to Japan’s position of discharging nuclear pollution into the sea from beginning to end, and rushed to a conclusion regardless of the impact of this practice on neighboring countries.

　　Thirdly, at the beginning of the IAEA evaluation report, it is emphasized that the opinions in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of IAEA member States, and the report is not a recommendation or endorsement of Japan’s sea discharge plan, and IAEA and its member States are not responsible for any consequences caused by the report. This disclaimer clearly shows that the report cannot represent the opinions of the international community, nor can it prove the legitimacy and legality of Japan’s plan to discharge the sea.

　　Experts from China who participated in IAEA’s technical working group on the evaluation of Fukushima’s "ALPS treated water" for sea discharge — — Researcher Liu Senlin of China Institute of Atomic Energy told the media that the IAEA secretariat had asked for the expert opinions of the technical working group on the draft evaluation report, but the time window left for the experts was very limited, and the expert opinions were for reference only, so it was up to the IAEA secretariat to decide whether to adopt them. After receiving the feedback, the IAEA secretariat hastily released the report without discussing and negotiating with experts from all sides on the revision of the report and the adoption of opinions.

　　Li Song, China’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations and other international organizations in Vienna and Permanent Representative to the International Atomic Energy Agency, pointed out that the conclusion of the IAEA report on the safety of Japan’s sea discharge program is one-sided and lacks persuasiveness and credibility. Due to the limitation of authorization, the agency failed to assess the long-term effectiveness of the Japanese purification device, to confirm the authenticity and accuracy of the data of nuclear polluted water, to ensure that the international community can grasp the situation of excessive discharge in time, and to predict the impact of long-term accumulation and enrichment of radionuclides on the marine ecological environment, food safety and public health. "Without confirmation of accurate data, reliable equipment and effective supervision, it is impossible to draw the conclusion that it is safe to discharge more than 1.3 million tons of nuclear polluted water into the ocean within 30 years."

　　Pretending to be a show, worrying about integrity

　　The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant has a marine life breeding room, which keeps the common flounder along the coast of Fukushima. One of the tanks is ordinary seawater, and the other is treated nuclear polluted water, which is called "treated water".

　　From a scientific point of view, experts and environmental protection organizations have many doubts about the nuclear pollution water treatment and other related data provided by TEPCO.

　　Professor ferenc Dalnoki-Veres, an expert in nuclear physics at Middlebury Institute of International Studies in the United States, pointed out that the data provided by Japan were "incomplete, incorrect, inconsistent and one-sided". The Japanese environmental protection group "FoE Japan" pointed out various problems in TEPCO’s statement about "treating water": some radioactive elements such as iodine 129 and strontium 90 still exceeded the standard after being "treated" by ALPS; The water samples detected by TEPCO so far only account for 3% of the stored polluted water, and the test results provided by TEPCO are not representative. The "treated water" in Fukushima is in direct contact with the melted core and cannot be compared with the normal nuclear power plant drainage … …

　　What is even more worrying is that TEPCO had a "black history" of tampering with data and concealing the safety of nuclear power plants.

　　On the third day after the Fukushima nuclear accident in March, 2011, TEPCO was able to judge the core meltdown of Units 1 to 3 according to the relevant data, but it was always whitewashed with "core damage" until two months later, when it admitted the core meltdown. TEPCO later admitted that it was intentionally concealing the truth according to the instructions of the then president. TEPCO once claimed that no new nuclear polluted water was discharged into the sea after June 2011, but with the exposure of a series of leakage incidents in 2013, TEPCO finally admitted that high-concentration nuclear polluted water leaked into the sea, saying that it was not announced in time because of fear of affecting the reputation of local fisheries; In September 2021, when TEPCO reported the damage of ALPS exhaust filter, it admitted that the same filter was damaged two years ago, but it was not reported, and the reason was not investigated. It was just a matter of replacing the filter. In October 2022, TEPCO was exposed to mislead visitors with a problematic radiation detector to prove the safety of "ALPS treating water".

　　Guan Guzhi, a scholar at the University of Tokyo, also pointed out that not only in Fukushima, but also in other nuclear power plants under TEPCO, management and safety problems are constantly occurring, which makes people unable to believe its disposal capacity. "Does TEPCO have this qualification to discharge into the ocean?"

　　The dishonesty of TEPCO and the Japanese government is also manifested in the attitude of reneging. The plan of discharging nuclear polluted water into the sea has been strongly opposed by local fishermen all over Japan, especially in Fukushima. Under this circumstance, TEPCO and the Japanese government assured the Fukushima Federation of Fishery Synergies and the Japan National Federation of Fishery Synergies in August 2015 that they would not discharge nuclear polluted water into the ocean until they were understood by fishermen and other relevant parties.

　　Although the Japanese government tried every means to convince the fishermen, it never succeeded. Since 2020, the Japan National Federation of Fishery Synergies and the Fukushima Federation of Fishery Synergies have passed special resolutions for four consecutive years, resolutely opposing the discharge of nuclear polluted water into the sea. However, regardless of opposition, the Japanese government and TEPCO violated their own commitments and insisted on promoting the sea discharge plan.

　　Yasushi Sakamoto, president of the National Federation of Fishery Cooperatives, said after meeting with Yasutoshi Nishimura, Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, on July 14th this year that it is impossible to change the opposition position as long as we are not at ease with emissions. After exchanging views with Yasutoshi Nishimura on 11 July, Nozaki Tetsuo, president of Fukushima Fisheries Cooperative Association, stressed that the fishermen could not tolerate the discharge of nuclear polluted water into the sea, in contrast to the government’s promise of "no disposal" without the understanding of relevant parties.

　　Point the deer at the horse and pretend to be false.

　　Faced with the strong opposition at home and abroad to the discharge of nuclear polluted water into the sea, the Japanese authorities launched an intensive public relations campaign to confuse the audience and publicize the "safety theory of nuclear polluted water" as a key point of Japanese diplomacy.

　　Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Reconstruction Agency and other government departments have set up special links on the homepage of official websites to promote the safety of ALPS "water treatment". The social media accounts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry also put relevant promotional videos at the top or in a prominent position, and launched multilingual versions.

　　Japan holds the rotating presidency of the Group of Seven (G7) this year. During the G7 Climate, Energy and Environment Ministers’ Meeting in April this year, Japanese Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry Yasutoshi Nishimura declared at the press conference that "including ‘ Treated water ’ The steady progress of waste furnace work, including discharging into the sea, was welcomed. As a result, German Environment Minister Lemcke said on the spot that "discharging (nuclear polluted water) into the sea is not welcome". The Japanese side originally tried to insert "Welcome to the transparent process of discharging the sea" into the joint communique of the meeting to show "international recognition". This statement was opposed by Germany, but the Japanese side still used the host status to write "Welcome … … Japan and IAEA’s transparent efforts based on scientific evidence "and" supporting IAEA’s independent review ". The same content later appeared in the joint communique of the leaders of the Hiroshima Summit of G7 in May.

　　The Japanese side also launched a public relations offensive against Pacific island countries. These island countries suffered greatly from the nuclear test of the United States in the Pacific Ocean in the past, but now there is a strong opposition to the discharge of nuclear polluted water from Fukushima, which has become the key "appeasement" object of Japan. According to the report released by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry on July 31, Japan has conducted "explanation work" for all members and regions of the Pacific Island Forum since February this year.

　　The Japanese side also frequently held briefing sessions for diplomats and foreign journalists from various countries in Japan, and tried every means to publicize the "safety" of nuclear polluted water discharging into the sea. In Japanese explanations, especially in foreign language versions, "treated water" is generally used to refer to nuclear polluted water, with the intention of diluting its pollution characteristics and potential harm to confuse people. According to some foreign journalists in Japan, once there is any content in their reports that questions the safety of nuclear polluted water discharge, TEPCO and Japanese officials will call and write to put pressure on it.

　　It is worth noting that according to the IAEA’s safety regulations on the discharge of radioactive materials into the environment, authorization for the discharge of radioactive materials should provide information and consultation to the affected stakeholders. "Some interested parties may be in other countries, especially neighboring countries." However, in the face of opposition and doubts from neighboring countries, the Japanese side did not communicate sincerely, but made a mistake and slandered the legitimate concerns of regional countries about the marine environment and food safety as "playing political cards." Some right-wing media in Japan even dressed Japan as a "victim" and angrily threatened to "counter" neighboring countries that raised objections to the discharge of nuclear polluted water into the sea.

　　On July 4th, the Embassy of China in Japan expounded China’s position on the issue of Fukushima nuclear polluted water being discharged into the sea, pointing out that Japan’s so-called "hope for dialogue and consultation with China" was insincere. So far, China has carried out exchanges with Japan in bilateral and multilateral channels and repeatedly expressed the opinions and concerns of professional departments. However, regardless of China’s position, Japan insists on promoting sea discharge according to the established timetable. "If the Japanese side regards sea exclusion as the premise of consultation and blindly imposes sea exclusion on China, what is the significance of such consultation?"

　　The discharge of Fukushima nuclear polluted water into the sea is not a private matter or a trivial matter of Japan, but a business matter and a major event related to the marine environment and human health. The Japanese government ignored the legitimate concerns of the international community, violated its due international obligations, and forced nuclear pollution water into the sea, endangering the marine environment and human health and infringing on the legitimate rights and interests of neighboring countries. It is by no means a responsible country.

Cancer, as one of the most common diseases with high mobility and high mortality in the world, the clinical treatments for its tumors generally include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Due to the shortcomings of chemical drugs and various toxic and side effects, people have been committed to developing more effective drug delivery systems for cancer treatment, with the aim of reducing side effects and ensuring its efficacy.

With the progress and maturity of nanotechnology, its advantages are gradually reflected.

Introduction of nano-drugs

Diagram of sustained release process of nano-drugs

Nano-drug and its delivery system

Nano-medicine refers to nanoparticles or nano-carriers, which is a new product produced by the combination of nano-technology and medicine.

Nano-drug delivery system refers to the integration of small drug molecules into nano-materials by means of encapsulation or adsorption.

Advantages of nano-drugs

First, improve the solubility and absorption of drugs.

Nano-sized drugs are different from most chemotherapy drugs. Nano-sized drugs have larger specific surface area, better solubility, faster dissolution, improved absorption properties and better therapeutic effect.

At the same time, due to better solubility, the dosage of patients can also be appropriately reduced.

Second, prolong the drug’s circulation time in vivo, and enrich it to the focus.

Through some modification and treatment on the surface of nano-drugs, the circulation time of drugs in human body can be prolonged, which is beneficial for drugs to reach the lesion site, and special modification may make drugs more concentrated in the tumor site, resulting in better selectivity and targeting properties.

Nano-drugs can enter the tumor tissue through the porous blood vessels of the tumor, and achieve a high degree of penetration and retention in the tumor. Therefore, nano-preparation has excellent properties of high drug loading rate, passive targeting and controlled drug release.

Clinical application of nano-preparation.

Paclitaxel albumin nanoparticles

Paclitaxel is a commonly used anticancer drug in clinic. Here is a brief introduction to the nano-preparation of paclitaxel:

Paclitaxel, a commonly used anticancer drug

Albumin nanoparticles

Albumin nanoparticles are nano-particles based on albumin.

Albumin is an endogenous natural product with the advantages of safety, non-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, biodegradability and good biocompatibility. Moreover, the nanoparticle carrier system has unique targeting, sustained and controlled release characteristics and drug protection.

By high-pressure homogenization, paclitaxel and human serum protein preparation were made into nanometer freeze-dried powder, which can improve the solubility, avoid a large number of paclitaxel nanoparticles aggregation, and help the drug to be absorbed into tumor cells and give full play to its role.

Pharmacological action of paclitaxel

Paclitaxel is an anti-microtubule drug, which can stabilize microtubules by promoting the polymerization of tubulin dimer and inhibiting its depolymerization, thus inhibiting the normal dynamic reorganization of microtubule network during interphase and mitosis.

In addition, paclitaxel can lead to abnormal arrangement of microtubule "bundles", affect the division of tumor cells and promote tumor cell apoptosis during the whole cell cycle and cell mitosis.

indication

The application of albumin nanoparticles in the in vivo delivery of paclitaxel and cancer treatment has become a hot topic in recent years.

Albumin paclitaxel nanoparticles are mainly suitable for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer that failed in combination chemotherapy or breast cancer that recurred within 6 months after adjuvant chemotherapy.

Unless there are clinical contraindications, an anthracycline anticancer drug should be included in previous chemotherapy.

matters need attention

In the process of using paclitaxel albumin nanoparticles, it should be noted that paclitaxel for injection (albumin binding type) also has adverse drug reactions and must be used under the guidance of a doctor with chemotherapy experience.

Only with perfect diagnosis and treatment facilities can the complications and adverse reactions caused by drugs in treatment be effectively controlled.

references

[1] Jie Chen, Cao Ye, Li Shuangshuang, Luo Lailong, Yu Peng, Li Mingyuan. Research progress of novel nano-drug delivery system for tumors [J]. China Journal of Pharmacy, 2020,55(21):1749-1756.

Xin li, Zhu Dandan, Chen Yu, Lin Shuting, Han Lili, Li Ying, Liu Xiaoxuan. Research progress of nano-drug delivery system in promoting deep penetration of tumor [J]. Zhongnan Pharmacy, 2020,18(12):2009-2018.

Zhao Shuang, Zhang Shaofang, Mu Xiaoyu. Research progress of nano-drugs [J]. Tianjin Pharmacy, 2020,32(02):57-61.

Chen Dongxiao, Zhang Juanmei, Li Jianye, Xu Tianhong, Dong Yaqin, Pu Xiaohui. Research status and progress of paclitaxel albumin nanoparticles [J]. Journal of Henan University (Medical Edition), 2017,36(04):296-300.

[5] Chen Kang. Analysis of the research progress of paclitaxel pharmaceutical preparations [J]. Heilongjiang Medicine, 2019,32(06):1390-1392.

Contributed by: Song Haolin (Ruijin Intern Pharmacist)

Original title: "How do nano-warriors fight cancer-do you understand? 》

Read the original text

Recently, with the overall promotion of epidemic prevention and control and economic and social development, the production and living order has been accelerated, the income growth rate of the national residents has maintained a rebound, and the consumer market has continued to rise steadily. Analysts believe that the strong resilience of China’s consumption has become an important ballast stone for China’s economy to resist the wind and waves in the first half of the year. In the second half of the year, the continuous efforts of policies such as expanding domestic demand, helping enterprises to bail out difficulties and stabilizing employment are expected to promote further compensation and recovery of consumption, thus adding more impetus to promoting the "big cycle" of domestic economy and the "double cycle" of domestic and international.

Income recovery and demand recovery

According to the latest data, in June, the total retail sales of consumer goods nationwide was 3.35 trillion yuan, down 1.8% year-on-year, and the decline narrowed for four consecutive months, with a cumulative decrease of 18.7 percentage points. From January to June, the total retail sales of social consumer goods was 17.23 trillion yuan, down 11.4% year-on-year, and the decline was 7.6 percentage points narrower than that in the first quarter.

"In the first half of the year, all localities adhered to the orientation of people’s livelihood, issued various consumer vouchers, developed the’ night economy’ through the integration of literature and tourism, helped invigorate the’ small store economy’, expanded consumption according to local conditions and took various measures to vigorously promote the recovery of household consumption. In the first half of the year, the decline in per capita consumption expenditure of the national residents narrowed significantly, with the nominal decline and the actual decline narrowing by 2.3 and 3.2 percentage points respectively compared with the first quarter. Residents’ daily necessities such as rice, flour, grain and oil, vegetables, meat, poultry and eggs were fully guaranteed, and residents’ home meals increased. In the first half of the year, the per capita expenditure on food, tobacco and alcohol increased by 5.0%, 2.9 percentage points faster than that in the first quarter. " Fang Xiaodan, director of the Household Survey Office of the National Bureau of Statistics, said.

It is worth noting that the rising growth rate of national residents’ income is inseparable from the gradual recovery of residents’ consumption level. The data shows that in the first half of the year, the per capita disposable income of the national residents was 15,666 yuan, a nominal increase of 2.4% over the same period of last year, and the nominal growth rate was 1.6 percentage points higher than that in the first quarter. After deducting the price factor, the actual decline was 2.6 percentage points narrower than that in the first quarter. At the same time, in the first half of the year, the per capita wage income of the national residents was 9010 yuan, an increase of 2.5%, 1.3 percentage points faster than that in the first quarter, and the per capita disposable income of the national residents increased by 1.4 percentage points.

Fang Xiaodan said that in terms of wage income, the resumption of work and production in various places has been solidly promoted, the vitality of economic and social development has recovered, and the economic fundamentals have laid the foundation for wage income growth; In operational income, the phased tax reduction and fee reduction, rent reduction and interest rate reduction, inclusive finance and other policy support have effectively reduced the production and operation costs of self-employed households and small and micro enterprises, and their operating conditions have improved compared with the first quarter.

There are many highlights in online consumption.

In the first half of this year, "offline limited online replenishment" became an important feature in the consumer field.

According to the data of the National Bureau of Statistics, under the prevention and control of the normalized epidemic situation, new consumption formats and new modes such as online shopping, online entertainment and online classroom are growing against the trend. For example, in the first half of the year, the number of people buying goods or services through the Internet generally increased, and the per capita postage expenditure increased by 10.8%. For another example, in order to meet the needs of home office study, the per capita spending on home desktop computers and notebook computers increased by 19.4% and 79.6% respectively in the first half of the year.

According to the Report on Economic War and Epidemic in 2020 yards jointly released by Tsinghua University China Economic and Social Research Center and Tencent Social Research Center, in the economic recovery, leisure, entertainment, restaurants, hotels and transportation rebounded most significantly, and the number of WeChat transactions increased by 7-10 times. In the last week of April, the average daily commercial transaction volume of WeChat payment has recovered to the level of the end of 2019. The report believes that the innovation of online mode under the WeChat ecosystem will further promote the upgrading of people’s lifestyles, and the depth and breadth of lifestyle online will enter a new stage, and scene, intelligence and personalization will become the development trend of lifestyle change.

Fu Yifu, a senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute, analyzed that in the first quarter, affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, the all-round rise of online consumption was the biggest highlight. In the second quarter, as the domestic epidemic prevention and control situation continued to improve, all walks of life resumed production and markets steadily, and the intensity of new kinetic energy for online consumption did not decrease. At the same time, offline consumption scenes such as scenic spots, restaurants and hotels also returned to the public’s field of vision, and many consumers’ consumer demand that was forced to postpone during the epidemic prevention and control period began to restart.

Zhao Ping, director of the International Trade Research Department of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, believes that the epidemic has further enhanced consumers’ online consumption habits, and the growth rate and proportion of online consumption have continued to increase, which has become the biggest highlight of consumption growth in the first half of the year. At the same time, online consumption has also spawned new consumption patterns such as community e-commerce, social e-commerce, community e-commerce and live delivery, thus effectively releasing the potential of online consumption.

Tamp the economic pressure resistance.

Weigh, a researcher at the Institute of World Economics of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, pointed out in an interview with this reporter that both the "six stability" work and the "six guarantees" task will ultimately be supported by strong consumption power. Since the beginning of this year, in the face of the great test brought by the COVID-19 epidemic, China has scientifically handled the relationship between the prevention and control of normalized epidemic and economic and social development, especially by adjusting the consumption pattern in time and effectively meeting the rigid consumption demand, thus achieving the maximum risk hedging and economic stability.

"In the process of gradually forming a new development pattern with domestic big circulation as the main body and domestic and international double circulation promoting each other, consumption is an important connection point of domestic and foreign market players and plays a very important role. Judging from the actual situation in the first half of the year, the rebound of consumer demand in China has not only become an important supporting force for China’s economy to resist all kinds of risks, but also injected strong confidence into the world economy. In the future, the role of consumption will be further highlighted. " Weighing theory.

In the eyes of many analysts, consumption is a clear manifestation of China’s economic resistance to pressure in the first half of the year. Yu Hong, a senior researcher at the Institute of East Asian Studies at the National University of Singapore, believes that China has a huge domestic market and a vibrant regional economy. In addition, the government has launched targeted fiscal, taxation and financial measures to support enterprises, which plays an important role in restoring economic growth and shows the resilience and potential of China’s economy.

Xing Ziqiang, chief economist of Morgan Stanley China, said that compared with developed countries, China’s consumption structure is currently dominated by physical consumption. In the future, as residents gradually pursue high-quality life, their consumption focus will shift from meeting basic needs to increasing life experience, and their consumption structure will also shift to service consumption. Xing Ziqiang predicts that consumption will gradually recover in the second half of this year and become the mainstay of economic growth next year, driving economic growth back to its potential level. (Reporter Wang Junling)

Legend of origin

The Dragon Boat Festival, also known as Duanyang Festival and Chung Wu Festival, is said to be the day when Qu Yuan, a great poet in ancient China, threw himself into the Guluojiang River to be martyred. For more than two thousand years, the fifth day of the fifth lunar month has become a traditional festival to commemorate Qu Yuan. According to historical records, on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month in 278 BC, Qu Yuan, a doctor and patriotic poet of the State of Chu, was filled with grief and indignation after hearing the news that Qin Jun had breached the capital of the State of Chu, and his heart ached, so he resolutely wrote Huai Sha. He threw himself into the Miluo River and died. People along the river have led boats to race to salvage, evoking souls along the water and throwing zongzi into the river to prevent fish and shrimp from eating into his body.

Today, the Dragon Boat Festival is still a festival that our people attach great importance to. On May 20th, 2006, this folk custom was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. Dragon Boat Festival is now a legal holiday in China.

Festival custom

01 Dragon Boat Race

Dragon boat race is the main custom of the Dragon Boat Festival. According to legend, people who originated in the ancient state of Chu were reluctant to part with the death of Qu Yuan, a sage, and many people rowed to catch up and save. They scrambled to catch up with each other and disappeared when they reached Dongting Lake. After that, I will row a dragon boat on May 5th every year to commemorate it. Dispel the fish in the river by rowing dragon boats, so as not to eat Qu Yuan’s body. The habit of racing is prevalent in Wu, Yue and Chu.

02 eat zongzi

Eating zongzi is another traditional custom of Chinese people. Zongzi, also known as "corn millet" and "zongzi". It has a long history and various patterns. From the Spring and Autumn Period to today, at the beginning of May every year, every family in China has to soak glutinous rice, wash zongzi leaves and make zongzi, with more varieties of colors. From the perspective of stuffing, there are many Beijing jujube dumplings with small dates in the north; In the south, there are many kinds of fillings, such as bean paste, fresh meat, ham and egg yolk, among which Zhejiang Jiaxing Zongzi is the representative. The custom of eating zongzi has been popular in China for thousands of years, and spread to Korea, Japan and Southeast Asian countries.

03 Artemisia argyi and calamus

A folk proverb says, "Willows are inserted in Qingming Festival, and Ai is inserted in Dragon Boat Festival". Every family sweeps the court, putting calamus and moxa sticks in the eyebrows and hanging them in the hall. Acorus calamus, Folium Artemisiae Argyi, Liuhua, Garlic and Dragon Boat Flower are made into human or tiger shapes, which are called Ai Ren and Ai Hu. It is made into garlands and ornaments, which are beautiful and fragrant, and women compete to wear them to drive away evil.

04 hanging bell statue

It is the custom of Dragon Boat Festival for Zhong Kui to catch ghosts. In the Jianghuai area, every family hangs bells and statues to ward off evil spirits. It is said that Emperor Kaiyuan of the Tang Dynasty returned to the palace from Lishan Mountain, and malaria was rampant. He dreamed that two ghosts, one big and one small, were wearing red crotch pants, stealing Yang Guifei’s sachet and Yu Di of the Ming Dynasty, and ran around the temple. GREAT GHOST wears a blue robe and hat, catches the kid, gouges out his eyes and swallows it in one gulp. When the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty asked questions, GREAT GHOST said, "My surname is Zhong Kui, that is, I am not the best in martial arts. I am willing to rid your majesty of demons." After the Ming Emperor woke up, malaria was cured, so Wu Daozi, a painter, painted a portrait of Zhong Kui catching ghosts according to what he saw in his dream, and ordered all the people to post it during the Dragon Boat Festival to exorcise evil spirits.

05 series baisuo

It is made of five-color silk, also known as Baisuo, Longevity Cord, Continuity Cord, Bing Shao, Five-color Cord, Zhu Suo and so on. Or hanging on the door, or wearing children’s neck, or tying children’s arms, or hanging on bed curtains, cradles, etc., it is said that it can avoid disasters, protect health and prolong life. In Ying Shao’s "Customs Tongyi" in the Han Dynasty, it is recorded: "On May 5, the five colors were given to continue life, and the popular saying was beneficial to human life." "The Chronicle of Jingchu’s Age" says: "It is not a disease to tie the arms with colorful silk, which is called" Bing Bing ".

06 drink realgar wine

Painting forehead is the custom of daubing children’s forehead with realgar on Dragon Boat Festival, which is said to ward off poisonous insects. The typical method is to draw the word "Wang" on children’s foreheads with realgar. One is to borrow realgar to drive away the poison, and the other is to borrow tiger’s forehead ("Wang" is like a tiger, and the tiger is the king of beasts, because it is replaced by a tiger) to suppress evil spirits. Qing Fucha Dunchong’s "Yanjing Year’s Chronicle": "From the first day of the first lunar month, take realgar and sprinkle it with wine, and apply it to the collar and nose and ears of children to avoid poison."

07 Dai Xiangbao

The sachet, also called sachet, sachet, purse, etc., is wrapped with colored silk thread and sewn with rags. It is filled with spices (made from Chinese herbal medicines, such as Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Radix Scutellariae, Herba Paicao, Rhizoma Kaempferiae, Gan Song, and Radix Kaempferiae), which is worn on the chest and smells fragrant. Chen Shiliang’s Guang Ji at the Age of Years quoted Miscellaneous Notes at the Age of Years as saying, "Duanwu is made of red and white colors, and colored lines run through it, making it look like a flower." The contents of these carry-on bags have changed from sweat-absorbing mussel powder, talisman to exorcise evil spirits, copper coins and realgar powder to sachets filled with spices, and their production has become increasingly exquisite, becoming a unique folk art of the Dragon Boat Festival.

08 collecting miscellaneous drugs

Herb picking is also one of the oldest customs of Dragon Boat Festival. "Xia Xiaozheng" contains: "Store medicine this day to remove poisonous gas." Volume 22 of "Collection of Miscellaneous Drugs" quoted the lost article of "Collection of Miscellaneous Drugs at the Age of Jingchu": "On May 5, competing for miscellaneous drugs can cure all diseases." There is a record of catching toads in May in Qi Min Yao Shu Miscellaneous Notes in the late Wei Dynasty, which is also used for pharmacy.

09 Mulan decoction

It is an ancient custom recorded in "Da Dai Li" to bathe in orchid soup at noon. At that time, orchids were not today’s orchids, but Eupatorium odoratum of Compositae, which had fragrance and could be decocted and bathed. "Nine Songs in the Cloud" also has the sentence "Bathing orchid soup will make you fragrant". "The Chronicle of Jingchu’s Age": "May 5th is called the Orchid Bathing Festival." "Five Miscellanies" records that people in the Ming Dynasty took a bath with five-colored grass at noon because "orchid soup is not available." Later, it was usually fried cattails, wormwood and other herbs to take a bath.

10 doucao

Fighting grass was popular in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and it was called "stepping on a hundred herbs", and it was called "fighting grass" or "fighting a hundred herbs" in the Tang Dynasty. "The Story of Jingchu’s Age": "On May 5th, the four people stepped on a hundred herbs together, and there was another scene of fighting a hundred herbs." After that, it is not limited to the Dragon Boat Festival.

Original title: Chinese traditional festival-Dragon Boat Festival

Read the original text

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, August 20th (Reporter Xia Ke) Summer is the season of high incidence of intestinal infectious diseases, with high temperature and humidity, which is conducive to the reproduction of germs, and food is easily contaminated. People like to eat cold food to relieve summer heat, and the chances of infection are further increased. Beijing CDC reminds that attention should be paid to drinking water hygiene and food safety. High temperature can kill pathogenic microorganisms, and drinking water should be boiled before drinking. In addition, don’t use antibiotics as soon as diarrhea occurs. Abuse of antibiotics may lead to imbalance of normal intestinal flora, which is not conducive to recovery.

　　According to reports, the main manifestations of intestinal infectious diseases are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, etc. Serious cases can lead to dehydration, and very few cases are even life-threatening.

　　Experts from Beijing CDC said that to prevent intestinal infectious diseases, first of all, food should be separated from raw food and cooked food to avoid cross-contamination. Leftover food should be stored in the refrigerator in time, and the storage time should not be too long. Before eating again, it needs to be heated until it is completely hot, because the low temperature of the refrigerator can only delay the growth of bacteria, but it cannot be sterilized. In addition, it is necessary to eat as little as possible foods that are easy to carry pathogenic bacteria, such as snails, shells, crabs and other aquatic products, especially seafood stalls on mobile roadsides, and products that are eaten raw or half-eaten. For families with pets, we must do a good job in pet hygiene, and at the same time, we must warn our children not to feed their pets while eating.

　　Experts suggest that if diarrhea occurs, fasting and water restriction are not recommended, and light and digestible liquid or semi-liquid food should be eaten, and the symptoms will gradually transition to a normal diet after improvement. If diarrhea is not serious, the symptoms can be improved within 2 -3 days by adjusting diet, rest and symptomatic treatment. People with severe diarrhea, especially those with dehydration symptoms, should go to the hospital intestinal clinic for medical treatment in time. In order to prevent dehydration, you should drink more sugar and salt water, and it is best to buy "oral rehydration salt" at the pharmacy; Patients who have suffered from dehydration or severe vomiting and can’t drink water should go to the hospital in time and take intravenous rehydration and other treatment measures according to the doctor’s advice.

　　Experts suggest that it is wrong for many patients to use antibiotics as soon as they have diarrhea. Because most diarrhea does not need antibiotic treatment, abuse of antibiotics may lead to imbalance of normal intestinal flora, which is not conducive to the recovery of diarrhea. If you are not sure whether antibiotics should be used, patients should go to the intestinal clinic.