China’s Intangible Glory of the Times

—— Sidenotes on the announcement of 2020 "China Intangible Cultural Heritage Person of the Year"

Guangming Daily reporter Zhang Yuling Liu Meng

　　Lantern Festival is not only a traditional festival in China, but also a national intangible cultural heritage project. On such a special day, China’s non-legacy people welcome another year’s grand event. Guided by the Intangible Heritage Department of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, sponsored by Guangming Daily, and jointly promoted by Guangming.com and Guangming Daily, a "cultural power", the 2020 "China Intangible Heritage Person of the Year" selection campaign was announced. Ten representatives who worked hard in the intangible heritage field, such as Zhang Boli, Chen Zhenglei, Yang Rang and Chao Ge Jin, came to the front desk, telling their own intangible heritage stories and life feelings and sharing their intangible fate and cultural feelings. Sincere feelings and simple words show the unique style of the times, and let people see the great vitality of Chinese excellent traditional culture.

　　Sweep and watch more exciting.

　　The great war exam shows great strength.

　　Just the day before, he won the honorary medal of "National Advanced Individual for Poverty Alleviation" in the Great Hall of the People. The next day, he appeared in the venue of non-legacy figures. Qiao Jin Shuangmei, a county-level representative inheritor of Yi people’s hand embroidery from Daliangshan, can be described as "double happiness".

　　"This modern Yi embroidery on my body is implanted with fashion design in traditional patterns, with black, red and yellow as the main colors, and a small tricolor culture represents good luck." Qiao Jin Shuangmei’s Yi costume is a "new work" for embroidered mothers to get rid of poverty. "The story of Yi embroidery and I can’t be finished in three days and three nights. If I am grateful in my heart, I can’t finish it in three days and three nights!" After receiving the trophy of "China Intangible Cultural Heritage Person of the Year", her tone was a little excited. "Intangible cultural heritage has changed the fate of women in the mountains; A small embroidery needle has become a secret weapon to get rid of poverty and get rich. "

　　Another Song Shuixian, dressed in national costume, is a national representative inheritor of the ponytail embroidery of the Shui nationality in Guizhou. She also led the villagers to turn their ancestral embroidery skills into a golden rice bowl to get rid of poverty and get rich, and also learned to bring goods through the Internet, so that the Shui nationality embroidery can walk out of the mountains and into the lives of modern people.

　　The overall victory in getting rid of poverty and the great victory in the fight against epidemic diseases have been engraved in the annals of 2020, and they have also left a unique contribution to the world. Like Qiao Jin Shuangmei and Song Shuixian, Zhang Boli, the "people’s hero", completed the identity transformation on this stage.

　　In last year’s anti-epidemic battlefield, Academician Zhang Boli and Wuhan "treated each other with sincerity", which was touching. He has won many awards, but it is the first time that he won the award as a national representative inheritor of traditional Chinese medicine preparation methods. Because he couldn’t go to the event site on official business, Zhang Boli waited at the other end of the connection screen early. He said excitedly: "Chinese medicine participated in the fight against the epidemic all the time and played a very important role at all stages. It can be said that Chinese medicine has also become the highlight of China’s fight against the epidemic."

　　Indeed, in the soul-stirring struggle against the epidemic, ancient Chinese medicine has contributed outstanding eastern power. Data show that more than 70,000 people in COVID-19 have used traditional Chinese medicine, and the total effective rate of traditional Chinese medicine is over 90%.

　　"As a big country, our science and technology progress and industry progress, so does our culture. Carrying forward traditional culture is the foundation of a big country. " Zhang Boli firmly said, "Intangible cultural heritage has important cultural value, and the annual event of intangible cultural heritage is a very meaningful activity. I am honored to receive this honor and will continue to work hard to spread the excellent Chinese culture."

　　Don’t change your mind when you are moving forward.

　　Concentrated and calm, with soft and soothing music, Chen Zhenglei, the national representative inheritor of Tai Ji Chuan (Chen Tai Ji Chuan), and his two disciples stretched their muscles, introduced the old and brought forth the new, braked by static, talked with heaven and earth with softness, and blended with nature, and showed the beauty of rigidity, charm and coordination of Tai Chi at the event site.

　　Tai Ji Chuan and the boat to send the king were officially listed in UNESCO’s representative list of human intangible cultural heritage, which became a milestone event for China in 2020. At this point, the number of human non-legacy in China has increased to 42, ranking first in the world, condensing the inheritance, persistence and dedication of generations of non-legacy people.

　　Winning the "China Intangible Cultural Heritage Person of the Year" is the highest praise for Chen Zhenglei’s incessant practice and skills spread over the past 60 years. From a person, a family, leading a team, a set of boxing around the world; From Chenjiagou, Henan to more than 100 teaching points in more than 60 countries; From books only in Chinese to translated into 9 languages and published in more than 100 countries, Chen Zhenglei admits that "it is full of hardships along the way", but the "initial heart" that supports the eleventh descendant of Chen Tai Ji Chuan is: "We must carry forward Tai Ji Chuan left by our ancestors and make greater contributions to human health."

　　In October, 2020, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader wrote back to the teachers and students of China Theatre Academy, saying that people are the key to the prosperity and development of drama. In 2020, "China’s Person of the Year" was brilliant, and three "actors" on the opera stage won awards: Wang Fang, the national representative inheritor of Kunqu Opera, Yao Xuanqiu, the national representative inheritor of Chaozhou Opera, and Zhu Shihui, the national representative inheritor of Peking Opera.

　　Different plays and different performances, but the same roles are "inheritors" and have the same "initial heart": the play is bigger than the sky, and every play and every role should be performed well; It is necessary not only to sing and play on the stage, but also to take the disciples, pass them on from generation to generation.

　　In October, 2020, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader inspected Chaozhou and pointed out that Chaozhou intangible cultural heritage represented by Chaozhou embroidery, Chaozhou porcelain, Chaozhou sculpture, Chaozhou opera, congou tea and Chaozhou cuisine is a treasure of Chinese culture. "Chaozhou opera is sung in local dialects, and the story of Chaozhou opera is the story of Chaoshan people, which is deeply loved by Chaoshan people at home and abroad." Yao Xuanqiu, the 85-year-old national representative inheritor of Chaozhou Opera, has retired for more than 20 years, but he has been busy with the inheritance work. She led a group of Chaozhou opera people to make unremitting efforts to make Chaozhou opera with a history of more than 500 years more and more popular among young people.

　　Chaozhou opera is more "trendy" and clowns are not "ugly". Zhu Shihui, the "first clown in Beijing Opera", understands his role and initial intention as follows: "There are four major businesses in Beijing Opera: life, beauty, purity and ugliness, and each business has its own beauty. The clown is a comedian in Beijing Opera. We must temper and improve our performances, so that the clown can also have his own artistic beauty and bring laughter and joy to the audience. "

　　Wang Fang couldn’t come to Beijing to attend the meeting. In the remote connection, she explained the reason. "2021 is the centenary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC). We are taking the time to rehearse an original modern Su Ju" Gusu Family "and present it to the Communist Party of China (CPC) for a hundred years." Wang Fang said, "As party member, I am very happy to present a sincere birthday gift to the party on this special day; As a non-genetic inheritor, we will continue to work hard to carry forward fine traditions, persist in innovation, and do a good job in inheritance and communication! "

　　In the continuous struggle, the roots are deep and leafy.

　　"A handful of soil raised his heavy feelings, and a book recorded his hot heart. He made folk art enter the room, transcending time and space, and nourishing the hearts of Chinese people."

　　When 91-year-old Yang Xian walked slowly onto the podium with crutches, the audience gave a warm and lasting applause. Established the first folk art department in China at the Central Academy of Fine Arts; It is the first time to systematically sort out the folk culture of the Yellow River basin and write Fourteen Walks of the Yellow River-two firsts have made Yang Xian’s academic peak.

　　Why do you want to measure the mother river with your footsteps and devote yourself to folk art in the sea of Wang Yang by means of field investigation? "The society is constantly changing, and many things disappear like the tide. I am in a hurry! In the history of more than 5,000 years of civilization in China, the Yellow River Basin has more than 3,000 years, and it is the national political, economic and cultural center. The Yellow River culture has absorbed many ethnic cultures and is the most representative, so I have to go! " Yang Xianrang’s "foresight" coincides with the judgment of the Central Committee’s "Symposium on Ecological Protection and High-quality Development of the Yellow River Basin": the Yellow River with nine twists and turns rushes forward, shaping the national character of the Chinese nation’s unremitting self-improvement with indomitable majestic momentum, which is an important foundation for the Chinese nation to strengthen its cultural confidence.

　　Times make heroes, and greatness comes from the ordinary. In this year, more researchers, curators, designers, artists and entrepreneurs participated in the large-scale pattern of non-legacy work, and promoted the non-legacy cause to take root and last forever.

　　Cross-border innovation made Sun Huaibin, vice president of China National Textile and Apparel Council, the "Person of the Year in China". Textile non-legacy involves many categories, wide coverage and rich varieties, including traditional crafts such as spinning, dyeing, weaving and embroidery, and various national costumes. Sun Huaibin believes that as the textile and garment industry chain moves towards the high end, increasing the exploration of textile non-legacy resources, non-legacy fashion, industrialization and internationalization will continue to inject new vitality into the high-quality development of the textile industry.

　　Chao Ge Jin Shi, member of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and director of the Institute of Ethnic Literature, has won the "China Intangible Cultural Heritage Person of the Year" for many years. In his view, intangible cultural heritage is the common people’s culture, which was often only protected by the common people themselves in history, but this practice is far from enough today: "Knowledge is being refined, and people’s understanding of traditional culture is also improving, especially the intangible cultural heritage of the international community is also worthy of attention, and it is necessary to learn from the advanced international experience and combine the characteristics of China. In this way, with the management guidance of the government, the active input of the masses, the in-depth participation of scholars, the extensive support of intermediary organizations, and the joint efforts of various forces, we can contribute to the development of non-genetic inheritance’ China Experience’ and’ China Program’. "

　　Guangming Daily (14th edition, March 1, 2021)

Another traditional paper media belongs to "silence"

On September 21st, Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Daily published a closing speech on the front page, saying that it was "officially announcing the fall of another paper media". Earlier, on September 18th and 19th, the newspaper issued a notice of publication suspension for two consecutive days, saying, "According to the requirements of adjusting the orientation of newspapers and optimizing the structure of newspapers and periodicals, it was decided through research that the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Newspaper will be closed from September 21st, 2015."

On September 21st, the front page of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan newspaper was closed.

This special issue named "A Brief History of News" consists of 8 editions. In addition to publishing the closing words and displaying the front pages of 24 previous issues, several employees of the former Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Newspaper are invited to write or edit the edition, which is divided into two sections: "Xiangjiang River is not corrupt" and "Qian Shan alone".

Liu Yuan, a former executive editor-in-chief of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Daily, revealed in Weibo that on the afternoon of 20th, he made a farewell special issue with former colleagues of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Daily who rushed back from various places to see off this beloved newspaper. "We come and go with dignity."

According to public information, Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Newspaper belongs to xiaoxiang morning herald Society and was renamed from the previous Hunan Economic Newspaper. It was officially launched on June 6, 2011 and distributed simultaneously in Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan, Hunan.

More than four years later, this newspaper was fixed in the 1454th issue.

"In the past four years, it has recorded the morning dew and sunset of the city, adhering to the belief that’ Xiangjiang River does not rot my way and is not alone’, and it has promoted the civilization and progress of the city bit by bit. We used to do our best, and we tried our best. " The newspaper wrote this in its closing remarks.

In 2014, Hunan’s state-owned cultural resources were reorganized on a large scale. The Propaganda Department of Hunan Provincial Party Committee called the heads of major media and cultural enterprises in the province to announce the "Reform Plan for Deepening the Management System of State-owned Cultural Assets in the Province". According to this plan, newspapers and periodicals such as xiaoxiang morning herald, Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan, Legal Weekly, Golden Eagle and Contemporary Business Newspaper will be placed under the management of Hunan Daily Newspaper Group Co., Ltd.

At that time, some insiders analyzed that due to the conflict in the positioning of newspapers under the Hunan Daily Newspaper Group, it was imperative for some newspapers to suspend publication.

According to the report of shanghai securities news, the basic idea of this plan, which has been brewing for nearly a year, is similar to that of Shanghai: under the premise of effective public opinion management, intensive management, specialization and large-scale production will be carried out, horizontal competition will be eliminated, and cultural media enterprises with advantages will become bigger and stronger.

In recent years, the domestic traditional paper media have accelerated their "death", and many newspapers, including Evening News, Competitive Newspaper, Daily News and Life News, have stopped publishing or closed down one after another.

CCTV News:On May 5th, WeChat official account, the "China Medicine News", issued a notice from the General Department of National Medical Products Administration on the establishment of a GAP expert working group on Chinese herbal medicines.

All provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government and the drug administration of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, and all relevant units:

According to the Notice of National Medical Products Administration on Printing and Distributing Several Measures to Further Strengthen the Scientific Supervision of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Promote the Inheritance, Innovation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No.1 [2023] of the State Drug Administration), in order to promote the standardized development of traditional Chinese medicine, promote the orderly implementation of GAP (hereinafter referred to as GAP), strengthen the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine, promote the construction of traceability system of traditional Chinese medicine, improve the quality of traditional Chinese medicine from the source, and further play the guiding and supporting role of technical experts in the industry, National Medical Products Administration decided to set up a GAP expert working group on traditional Chinese medicine.

First, the members of the expert group are composed of professionals engaged in the research, planting/breeding, harvesting and processing, quality control, quality evaluation and administration of Chinese herbal medicines. They are required to have high academic attainments and professional level, and in principle they are not over 60 years old.

Two, National Medical Products Administration is responsible for the selection, addition and replacement of members of the expert group, formulate and adjust the work responsibilities and work requirements of the expert group.

National Medical Products Administration Verification Center set up an expert group office, which is responsible for the daily work of the expert group. The members of the office are composed of relevant departments of National Medical Products Administration, relevant staff members of directly affiliated units such as the Central Inspection Institute, Pharmacopoeia Committee and Verification Center.

Three, the expert group consists of 1 leader and 3 deputy heads. The term of office of all members is five years, and the members of the expert group can be supplemented and adjusted according to the needs of work and the wishes of experts. See the annex for the list of members of the first phase expert group. The expert group leader is Huang Luqi, the executive deputy leader is Wei Jianhe, and the deputy leaders are Guo Lanping and Gao Tianbing.

IV. Following the principles of scientificity, legality, openness, impartiality and objectivity, the expert group provides technical support and decision-making suggestions for the quality and safety supervision of Chinese herbal medicine production, promotes the standardized development of Chinese herbal medicines and promotes the implementation of GAP in Chinese herbal medicines. The specific responsibilities are as follows:

(a) to provide support for National Medical Products Administration to study and formulate technical guidance documents such as technical guidelines, inspection procedures and inspection and evaluation standards to promote the implementation of GAP in Chinese herbal medicines, and directly participate in the drafting of relevant documents when necessary.

(two) to provide technical advice for National Medical Products Administration to study and improve the standardization, industrialization and moderate scale development of Chinese herbal medicines, and to strengthen the management policy of quality and safety supervision of Chinese herbal medicines.

(three) according to the arrangement of National Medical Products Administration, to participate in the supervision and inspection of the GAP conformity inspection and causal inspection of Chinese herbal medicines related to the extended inspection of Chinese herbal medicines.

(four) according to the arrangement of National Medical Products Administration, to provide technical guidance for promoting the implementation of GAP in Chinese herbal medicines throughout the country and promoting the standardized production of Chinese herbal medicines.

(five) according to the arrangement of National Medical Products Administration, to provide opinions on the major disputes that may exist in the implementation and inspection of GAP in Chinese herbal medicines.

(VI) Investigate, collect, summarize and analyze the problems and risks in the implementation, inspection and standardized production of Chinese herbal medicines, and put forward solutions to National Medical Products Administration.

(seven) other technical consulting work related to the quality management of standardized production of Chinese herbal medicines.

5. Members of the expert group shall attend meetings and GAP-related inspections of Chinese herbal medicines according to the arrangement of National Medical Products Administration; Provide specific and clear professional opinions and suggestions objectively, fairly and rigorously; Take the initiative to avoid related activities that I have an interest in; Not to participate in standardized production of Chinese herbal medicines, GAP implementation of Chinese herbal medicines and other related commercial activities in the name of members of the expert group; Undertake the obligation of confidentiality according to the law and regulations.

Six, members of the expert group have the right to independently and fully express their personal opinions and suggestions within the scope of performing their duties as members, receive corresponding labor remuneration in accordance with relevant regulations, and resign according to their own wishes.

Seven, the provincial drug regulatory authorities can be combined with the actual development of Chinese herbal medicines in their respective administrative areas, study and set up a GAP expert group of Chinese herbal medicines in their respective administrative areas, and guide and promote the standardized development of Chinese herbal medicines in their respective administrative areas.

Attachment: List of GAP Expert Working Groups of Chinese Herbal Medicine in National Medical Products Administration (Phase I)

　　"The earth is the cradle of human beings, but human beings cannot live in the cradle forever." This is the heroic words of tsiolkovsky, the father of modern rockets. So far, man has landed on the moon and looked at his home from another perspective. However, one big step for mankind is not far enough. The inability to support transportation and the lack of dry food supplies have restricted human beings from leaving the "cradle", realizing interstellar travel and sailing, and looking for "relatives" who go to the earth.

　　Of course, all this has been realized in science fiction movies — — In a series of sci-fi movies such as Avatar in Interstellar, astronauts use the technology of "freezing dormancy" to reduce the metabolism of their bodies and realize long-distance interstellar travel with less supplies. Recently, NASA officially announced that it will fund SpaceWorks in Atlanta to develop a similar "suspended animation" technology to put astronauts into a short-term frozen sleep state during the long interstellar travel.

　　In real space missions, the supply needed by human astronauts will have a direct impact on mission execution. Obviously, putting astronauts into a short-term frozen sleep state will make space travel go further and more efficient. ● Wang Tengteng, a reporter from Nanfang Daily in Beijing, planned and coordinated Zhang Zhichao.

　　1. Freezing dormancy improves the efficiency of space travel.

　　According to reports, during the interplanetary voyage, the frozen dormancy cabin designed by SpaceWorks will make astronauts enter an inert and numb state, that is, a short-term frozen dormancy state. In this state, the physiological activities of astronauts are reduced, usually manifested in the decrease of body temperature and metabolic rate. This will greatly reduce the astronauts’ demand for external materials, and then greatly reduce the supplies they carry.

　　John Bradford, CEO of SpaceWorks, said that the "suspended animation" of human astronauts has always been regarded as the best solution for long-term space flight. According to the design scheme, the sleeping cabin of SpaceWorks is very small, located near the central node or crew cabin of the spacecraft, allowing astronauts to enter and exit directly. Brad Ford said: "We believe that 4-mdash; The supply demand of six astronauts can be reduced to 5-mdash; 7 tons, not the current 20-mdash; 50 tons. The space required for the astronaut habitat is about 20 square meters, while most current designs require 200 square meters. "

　　When the astronauts are in a frozen hibernation state, they will be covered with various sensors, so that other awake astronauts can monitor their status at any time. Astronauts will get the nutrients needed to maintain human body function through total parenteral nutrition intravenous injection, which can be excreted with urine. Astronauts will sleep for 14 days under the low temperature induced by this drug, and then wake up for 2-mdash; Three-day shift change to meet the dormancy needs of other astronauts.

　　2. Cooling process or damage to cells

　　It can be seen that astronauts’ freezing and dormancy can maximize the space and load utilization of spacecraft. The key is to reduce the consumption of astronauts during flight, that is, to minimize the metabolic rate of the human body.

　　There is no doubt that low temperature can reduce the metabolic rate of living things. Animals such as frogs and snakes all hibernate to reduce their metabolic rate. However, it is worth noting that the freezing dormancy of astronauts is not the same as the "human freezing" technology used by Du Hong, a female writer in Chongqing, China. The first problem to be solved in astronaut’s freezing and dormancy technology is the damage caused by low temperature to astronauts’ life.

　　Technically, human freezing dormancy refers to freezing human to -196℃ in a very short time, stopping cell activity and prolonging human life cycle indefinitely. Theoretically, freezing dormancy can be done. But at present, from the technical point of view, human beings can’t freeze and sleep and wake them up. The main problem is that when the body temperature drops to -5℃, the water in the cells will freeze and form ice crystals. These ice crystals can penetrate the cell membrane and cause serious tissue damage. In other words, people who sleep through freezing will not be able to wake up again.

　　The mechanism of long-term preservation of cells at low temperature is that the metabolism of cells slows down rapidly at low temperature. The lower the storage temperature, the slower the metabolism and the longer the storage time. For example, the blood in the blood center is often stored at -5℃, and the storage time is generally one month. Of course, if the damage to cells caused by low temperature is not considered, the blood should be preserved for a longer time if it is stored at -196℃.

　　But cryopreservation itself can also kill cells and damage tissues. The SpaceWorks funded by NASA has not announced how to deal with these risks, but we might as well take a look at these risks and the current research on how to deal with them. These risks include both chemical damage and physical damage.

　　The main culprit of chemical damage is the oxygen we live on. Needless to say, the importance of oxygen, but its other side is to destroy the essence of life molecules through oxidative decomposition. Especially when cells actively use oxygen, they will generate a large number of free radicals which are more active than molecular oxygen. Under normal circumstances, cells use a series of enzymes to directly or indirectly combat the damage caused by oxygen and its free radicals. However, with the decrease of temperature, although the speed of destruction also decreases, the resistance ability accelerated by enzyme catalysis will also decrease sharply with the drastic decrease of enzyme activity, and the originally balanced chemical reaction will eventually fall to the destructive side. This cannot be ignored.

　　The second is physical damage, which mainly refers to the damage to cells caused by liquid freezing at extremely low temperature. According to the research of Liqun He, a professor at the Institute of Cryobiology, University of Science and Technology of China, the only way to achieve freezing dormancy is to treat each cell at low temperature. In practical application, the first step of cryopreservation of cells is to add cryoprotectant (CPA) to cells and then cool them safely. It is worth noting that the temperature is not low enough to meet the requirements of freezing dormancy, but -15℃— The low temperature process of -60℃ is fatal to cells.

　　3. The cooling process is difficult to operate.

　　Adding solute to water will lower the freezing point of water. Generally speaking, the higher the solute concentration, the lower the freezing point, so the first step of successful cryopreservation is to add appropriate CPA, and high concentration solute has osmotic damage to cells, so it should be appropriate. Since 50 years ago, a British research group accidentally discovered that glycerol is an effective cryoprotectant for sperm and red blood cells, although new CPAs, such as ethylene glycol, methanol, propylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide, are constantly emerging, and some of them are more effective, glycerol is still one of the effective CPAs.

　　According to Liqun He and others, the experiment shows that after adding CPA, the cells are dehydrated first, and the volume begins to shrink, then CPA infiltrates and the volume expands. If the concentration of CPA is too high, its volume will shrink excessively and even exceed the tolerance limit of cells, resulting in damage.

　　During the cooling process, when the temperature drops to about -5℃, the cells and transmitters around them are not frozen, and they are all in a supercooled state, at -5℃— Between -15℃, the extracellular solution begins to freeze. If it is assumed that the cell membrane prevents the ice crystals from growing into the cell, the cell is still in a supercooled state without freezing. At this time, the chemical potential of water inside the cell increases, water begins to seep out of the cell, and then freezes outside the cell, and then the reaction of the cell depends on the cooling rate. Liqun He said that if the cooling is too fast, the cells will not have enough time to maintain the osmotic pressure balance of the internal and external solutions by oozing water, so that the intracellular solutions will be too cold, and eventually the cells will start to freeze.

　　Generally speaking, cooling too fast or too slow can kill cells. At the slow cooling rate, the low-temperature damage comes from the "solution effect", which leads to severe dehydration of cells. Under rapid cooling, the low temperature damage is caused by deadly intracellular ice. For a specific cell, there must be an optimal cooling rate with the highest cell recovery rate. The cooling rate is slow enough to prevent intracellular ice and fast enough to minimize the "solution effect".

　　According to reports, in addition to the above method, there is also a cooling method to make the cytoplasm glassy at present. Using ultra-fast cooling (> 106℃/min) or using high concentration CPA, the cytoplasm will form glassy state instead of intracellular ice. However, ultra-fast cooling is technically difficult. Several CPAs that can effectively improve the cooling damage in slow cooling can also be used to promote vitrification, but the required concentration is too high and it is too toxic to cells and tissues.

　　It should be noted that the cooling rate is too high or too low relative to the water permeability of cell membrane and related to the type of cells. Different cells have different permeability to water, which leads to different optimal cooling rates for different cells. Think about it carefully, the human body is composed of countless cells, and there are many differences between brain cells and liver cells. It is very difficult to target these cells with drugs, and it needs precise control. If you don’t pay attention, you can cause irreversible damage to cells. Compared with the current difficulty of oocyte cryopreservation, sperm or blood, it is almost impossible to accurately cool different cells.

　　Whether you can wake up is the key.

　　However, it is more difficult than accurately cooling different cells to reheat them. If astronauts can’t wake up from hibernation, what’s the point of freezing hibernation? How to rewarming cells safely is the "last mile" and the key point of freezing dormancy technology.

　　As mentioned above, in the process of injecting CPA into cells to cool down, cells are easily damaged. Similarly, in the process of rewarming, CPA must be pulled out of the cell, which is also full of danger. If the CPA is excessively diluted when it is taken out, the cells will absorb too much water and expand beyond the allowable upper limit, which will also cause cell damage.

　　Liqun He said that whether the rewarming process poses a threat to the survival of cells depends first on whether the previous cooling process induces intracellular ice or cell dehydration. If there is intracellular ice, rapid rewarming can prevent ice crystals from growing and destroying cells. However, even if there is no intracellular ice formation during slow cooling, the response of cells to rewarming rate depends on freezing conditions and cell types.

　　Moreover, it is also a big problem whether the body of the astronauts after waking up will be negatively affected. When the human muscles are in a static state for a long time, their functions will inevitably deteriorate to some extent. Although the similar "suspended animation" technology developed by SpaceWorks only allows the astronauts to sleep for 14 days, I believe everyone who has experienced it knows what it feels like to lie in bed for half a month.

　　This edition of pictures: information pictures

Original editorial department Xiao Wu Chang Xiao Health included in topic # 27 medical frontiers

With the aging of the population, heart failure has become one of the main causes of death.

According to China Cardiovascular Health and Disease Report 2020, the number of patients with cardiovascular diseases in China is about 330 million, including 8.9 million patients with heart failure.

In addition, patients with heart diseases such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathy are also prone to induce heart failure.

In theory, heart transplantation provides a once-and-for-all solution for these heart patients, but in reality, it is even more difficult to wait for the right donor than winning the lottery.

On March 8, 2022, the first heart patient who transplanted a pig heart also died two months after the transplant operation.

Anyone who has seen the movie "Iron Man" knows that Iron Man has a "mechanical heart" that provides him with energy continuously, which may also be another choice for these heart failure patients.

Since the heart can grow,

It will definitely be built.

This sentence comes from kolff, the father of artificial organs, and the artificial hemodialysis device (that is, "artificial kidney") comes from kolff.

The development of artificial heart has experienced three generations.

The first generation in the 1990s was a large-volume pulsating blood flow device, the second generation in the early 21st century was an axial flow device, and the latest third generation was a magnetic suspension device. At present, the third generation artificial heart has been made in China. The pump body has a diameter of 34 mm, a thickness of 26 mm and a weight of 90 g, which is almost the size of an egg. At present, many clinical operations have been completed in China, and the survival rate of one and a half years is 100%.

The principle of "artificial heart" is actually not complicated.

After being implanted into the human body, the "artificial heart" is connected in parallel with the heart, with one end connected to the left ventricle of the heart and the other end connected to the human aorta. Blood enters the artificial heart from the left ventricle through the inflow tube, and the artificial heart pushes the blood out and delivers it to the aorta through the outflow tube, thus assisting the blood circulation of patients.

Simply put, "artificial heart" is an artificially made blood pump, which can partially or completely replace the heart to do work and help maintain blood circulation throughout the body.

For a normal person, the heart beats more than 60 times per minute and pumps out 5 liters of blood. Converted to 3600 beats per hour and 86400 beats per day, a total of 7200 liters of blood is pumped. The implanted "artificial heart" can pump 1-10 liters of blood per minute, which helps the human heart function to pump blood.

Domestic "subminiature magnetic suspension centrifugal artificial heart" uses magnetic field to suspend the impeller, thus providing good blood flow performance and partially replacing the patient’s heart function. The magnetic levitation system has high efficiency and low power consumption, and can minimize the damage to blood cells, which not only solves the problem of thrombosis, but also is easier to install in the chest cavity, so that other organs are less affected and the patient’s wearing experience is more comfortable.

Of course, having an "artificial heart" has some limitations. The most important thing is to stay away from the magnetic field, and take the high-speed rail and so on.

In June 2017, Fuwai Hospital took the lead in implanting the third-generation domestic magnetic levitation artificial heart into patients and achieved success. From the follow-up results of patients with "China Heart" after operation, the quality of life of patients has been comparable to that of patients receiving heart transplantation.

The future of artificial heart

For every family of patients with heart disease, the cost of surgery is a hurdle.

It is reported that each set of artificial hearts in the United States is about 100,000 US dollars (about 700,000 yuan), and the cost of artificial heart surgery in France in 2013 is 140,000 to 180,000 euros (about 1.1-1.4 million yuan). In 2019, the cost of replacing artificial hearts in Japan will be converted into more than 1.6 million yuan. Generally speaking, the international price of a device for artificial heart is 800,000 yuan to 1 million yuan.

In an interview, Li Xinsheng, a patient who received magnetic levitation artificial heart implantation in China, said that he probably paid more than 1 million yuan for the "artificial heart" after one operation, but the subsequent expenses were very small, and the daily use of anticoagulant drugs was more than 2,000 yuan a year.

Li Xinsheng carries a battery with him.

At present, it is predicted that there are 13 million patients with heart failure in China, and there are 600,000 patients with severe end-stage heart failure who meet the standard of using artificial heart.

Although the heart is one of the most important organs in the human body, if the artificial heart costs 500 thousand yuan, the cost is still relatively high. At present, there are more than 300 thousand brain pacemakers, which are not affordable for ordinary people.

However, the launch of new medical devices is relatively expensive at first, because it has to cover the heavy research and development costs in the early stage. With the gradual increase of product output and doctors who will operate, the consumption of patients will increase, and the price will gradually decrease. This is an inevitable trend and has a natural development process.

In addition to the price, artificial heart implantation has higher requirements for hospitals and medical teams. In addition to the cooperation of doctors in cardiology, anesthesiology and cardiopulmonary bypass, doctors in cardiology and imaging departments are also needed to objectively evaluate patients, and do a good job in postoperative rehabilitation and long-term follow-up management.

The National Health and Wellness Commission issued the Management Standard of Ventricular Assisted Technology (2021 edition), and the new standard also clearly defined the technical threshold for medical institutions to carry out artificial heart implantation:

For example, medical institutions are required to carry out clinical diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular surgery for more than 10 years, with no less than 50 beds, and no less than 1,000 cases of cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery are completed every year; Doctors should have more than 10 years of experience in clinical diagnosis and treatment in the field of cardiac and great vessels, and have obtained the qualifications for professional and technical positions above the chief physician for more than 3 years.

At present, artificial hearts are mainly used in three aspects:

First, as a transitional treatment, we will strive for more time for patients to wait for a suitable transplant donor;

The second is to provide short-term replacement support for patients with acute heart failure, which will be removed after cardiac function is restored;

The third is to provide long-term replacement for patients with end-stage heart failure and support patients to carry artificial hearts for long-term survival.

Judging from the above-mentioned scenes that it can be used at present, the artificial heart that appears at present is only a transitional product and a temporary replacement, which is still a long way from the completely artificial mechanical and biocompatible permanent artificial heart.

Perhaps one day, scientists can really solve all technical problems, develop a permanent artificial heart without any side effects, and solve the problem of organ shortage. By that time, does it mean that we can achieve immortality or even immortality by relying on the "mechanical heart" of Iron Man?

Original title: "If the heart can be born, it can be rebuilt! Artificial heart saves heart failure and makes the heart beat again.

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Speaking of Lu Xun, there is no doubt that Lu Xun was indeed a revolutionary fighter and a literary master in the Republic of China. Its style of writing is strong, and its style is detached. But although Lu Xun was a fighter, he was not Lu Sheng. We should know that no matter who is in the world, his first criterion is man, not God! Talking about Lu Xun’s women, many people are mistaken by the textbooks, only knowing that there is his student and wife Xu Guangping, and then some people know that Lu Xun has an original wife, Zhu An. But since ancient times, which talented person has not had several confidantes?

First, the first love Lu Qingu’s "wordless ending"

Lu Qingu was the first to enter into an engagement with Lu Xun. It was the summer and autumn of 1898, and Lu Xun’s mother took a fancy to Qin Gu, the eldest daughter of Lu Xun’s little uncle. Gu Qin and Lu Xun, when they were young, often read together and discussed ancient Chinese poetry. She was deeply impressed by Lu Xun, so when Lu Xun’s mother asked her advice, she threw herself into her aunt’s arms and said nothing, but she had a hundred wishes in her heart.

Lu Xun’s mother was very happy and immediately decided on a marriage. Unexpectedly, things happened suddenly. Lu Xun’s nanny’s mother has a distant niece, Zhu An, who has long wanted to introduce her to Lu Xun, but Lu Xun’s mother has booked a piano. The eldest mother gossiped in front of Lu Xun’s mother, saying that the combination of Lu Xun and Qin Gu was "offensive" and unlucky. Lu Xun’s mother was shaken. The next spring, she decided to arrange the marriage between Lu Xun and Zhu An.

Qin Gu’s father waited for the Zhou family to get married, but there was no information. Later, when he learned that Lu Xun had remarried, he had no choice but to betrothed Qin Gu to others. Maybe Qin Gu didn’t like this marriage, and maybe life wasn’t. Soon, Qin Gu fell ill and never got up again.

On her deathbed, Qin Gu held the nanny’s hand tightly and choked: "I have something on my mind that I must say before I die. It was Zhou Jialai who mentioned the kiss before, but then suddenly he didn’t mention it, and I don’t know why … … This incident is my lifelong regret, and I will never forget it until I die … …”

Qin Gu should be said to be Mr. Lu Xun’s "first love" when he was young. But somehow, this marriage was not mentioned in Lu Xun’s later works. Did Lu Xun forget it for the sake of following Ming’s career, or did he keep this beautiful feeling in his heart forever, or did they ever promise each other? Lu Xun must have his own difficulties, so he has nothing to say.

Second, the bleak life of the original wife Zhu An.

When Lu Xun was twenty-five years old, he was preparing to start his literary activities in Tokyo, Japan. Suddenly, he received letters from home urging him to return home. The letter said that his mother was very ill and wanted to meet her eldest son. When Lu Xun returned home anxiously, he realized that this was a scam.

It turned out that there was a rumor in his hometown that Lu Xun married a Japanese woman and gave birth to a child. He was seen walking in the streets of Tokyo with his wife and children. The people changed their ways to trick him into getting married. According to the old custom of "parents’ orders and matchmakers’ words", Lu Rui, Lu Xun’s mother, decided the marriage without Lu Xun’s consent.

　

Seeing this scene, Lu Xun was naturally angry, whether he was attached to Lu Qingu or had a beautiful face in a foreign country, but out of filial piety to his mother, he did not have an attack. On the second day of their marriage, Lu Xun didn’t go to the ancestral temple as usual. On the third day, while his family was not paying attention, he quietly ran away from home and went to Japan again. While Juan lived with her mother-in-law Lu Rui.

Perhaps Lu Xun’s first wife is also car-scrapping, a traditional good woman, that is: entering the Zhoujiamen, death is a Zhoujiagui. He is Lu Xun’s wife, which is recognized all over the world, but the protagonist Lu Xun doesn’t recognize it. In name, Zhu An has been widowed all his life. In fact, at least at this point, the original match defeated Lu Xun in ethics, although it was very sad. Lu Xun is an anti-feudal fighter, and of course he should be a revolutionary fighter. Arranged marriage is of course an ethical code in feudal society. It is feasible for civilians, but not for Lu Xun.

On June 29th, 1947, Zhu An died alone. I believe that if there is an afterlife, Zhu An will not go this way again.

Such tragedies were common in the old society. Perhaps because of his own experience, Lu wrote many articles about women’s rights, such as "Blessing", hoping that women in China would wake up … …

Third, the teacher-student relationship with Xu Guangping.

Lu Xun and Xu Guangping, the love between teachers and students, or that era, Lu Xun was Lu Xun from beginning to end.

Xu Guangping (1898 ~ 1968) was born in Fujian. In 1917, she studied in the preparatory course of Tianjin Zhili No.1 Women’s Normal School, served as the editor-in-chief of Wake the World Weekly, the journal of Tianjin Patriotic Comrades Association, and participated in the May 4th Movement. At the age of twenty-five, he was admitted to the Chinese Literature Department of Beijing Women’s Normal University and became a student of Lu Xun.

In January, 1927, Lu Xun went to Sun Yat-sen University as a teaching assistant and Guangzhou dialect translator, and soon married Lu Xun, who was seventeen years older than her. In 1929, she gave birth to a son, Zhou Haiying. Although this is the last ten years of Lu Xun’s life, "ten years together to share difficulties and dangers", we can’t help but say that it is a belated happiness.

Compared with Lu Xun, Hu Shi was "conservative" and had children with Jiang Dongxiu. Although Hu Shi was engaged to study in the United States, in addition to the sparks with Williams, the daughter of a professor at Cornell University, he also chased Chen Hengzhe, a talented woman from China who was also studying in the United States. Although the two romances were both under the external environment or internal moral consciousness, they had to end halfway, but they could not hurt their mother’s heart too much, which may also be his consideration.

But behind Lu Xun’s loveless marriage with Zhu An, he was willing to live this ascetic life, but in the depths of his subconscious, he did not give up his desire for the true ideal of love. So when Xu Guangping obviously took the initiative, they finally got together freely.

Fourth, with the female student Xu Xiansu, "The Story of Hair"

At the Women’s Normal University, Lu Xun met a young female student, Xu Xiansu, who was a classmate and good friend of Lu Xun’s cohabiting girlfriend Xu Guangping.

Lu Xun wrote "The Story of Hair" for her, and Cao Juren, a friend of Lu Xun, praised Sue as his "lover" in a biography about him. Xu Xiansu showed special concern for women in a very important part of Lu Xun’s life. But when Lu Xun left Beijing for the south, it was not Xu Xiansu, but her classmate and friend Xu Guangping.

Even on the way south, Lu Xun kept in touch with Xu Xiansu. Everywhere he went, there would be postcards reporting his whereabouts, while Lu Xun had been living with Xu Guangping for a long time. Why Lu Xun chose Xu Guangping is a mystery, at least no one has answered it.

After Lu Xun’s death, Xu Guangping wrote about his memoirs, except introducing Lu Xun’s diet and daily life, and left a lot of gaps in many important aspects. Some people analyzed the notes left by Xu Guangping, and realized that Xu Guangping actually had too much helplessness, and perhaps the taste of being a celebrity shadow was not good.

Five, with the female writer Xiao Hong hazy feelings.

Xiao Hong is a good family, but she is a young man with new ideas. Because of her dissatisfaction with feudal families and arranged marriages, she ran away from home when she was young. I lived with Xiao Jun in 1932, but ended up breaking up with Xiao Jun!

He became Lu Xun’s most loyal fan around 1934, and often came to visit his husband at Lu Xun’s house, sometimes even several times a day. One morning, she came and came back in the afternoon. Finally, I may feel that Xu Guangping’s position is unshakable. After all, with Lu Xun’s children, Xiao Hong had to go to Japan in 1936, and three years later she lived with Duanmu Xiaoliang and went to Hong Kong. Duanmu Xiaoliang was also a scholar and a romantic figure, and it was impossible to give Xiao Hong too much happiness. Finally, Xiao Hong died in Hong Kong after going through a rough road of her own choice, and died at the age of 31. … …

Sixth, the spiritual love with Mrs. Yamamoto of Japan

During Lu Xun’s stay in Shanghai, a good Japanese friend Uchiyama was a bookstore owner. He often went to Uchiyama Bookstore, but what he really went to was the back of the bookstore, where Yamamoto Chuzhi, a Japanese geisha, lived. Lu Xun’s letter to Mrs. Yamamoto is second only to Masuda’s among Japanese friends. For Masuda, he wrote to discuss academics or translation, while for Mrs. Yamamoto, he discussed life or emotion.

Once, Lu Xun wrote to Masuda that it was "a lonely thing" that Mrs. Yamamoto couldn’t come to Shanghai, but every letter to Mrs. Yamamoto would complain about "Shanghai loneliness", which was rare in other letters. Later, when Lu Xun died, Mrs. Yamamoto immediately lost her voice when she first heard his bad news. That was the man she used to be in loved one!

Seven, the subtle love affair with Ma Jue, the flower of Peking University.

According to textual research, Ma Jue, the most famous beauty queen in the history of Peking University, had a subtle affection with Ma Jue.

What must be explained here is that Lu Xun is not empathizing with others, or loving each other when he sees one, but I only take a ladle to drink when I am weak.

Lu Xun has always been cautious in dealing with personal feelings, but he was still caught by his old enemy. Lu Xun especially loves talents and likes to reward new literary talents, especially talented young women. Is Lu Xun in love with Ma Jue, a beautiful and talented woman? This question is not easy to answer, let alone to speculate for no reason.

But one thing is certain: Lu Xun likes this literary young woman with distinctive personality very much; What is certain is that Ma Jue, with great literary dreams and romantic feelings, also likes and worships her idol Lu Xun very much, even her secret love may not be known. If you have read Lu Xun’s Diary, you will find that there are broken files and missing places in the middle. Was this part destroyed or hidden by Lu Xun or later generations? Nowadays, it is hard to find out. Did this disappearing part of the diary record the secret passion of Lu Xun, a great literary master? I’m afraid all this is only known to the parties. But I prefer to believe that this has nothing to do with Lu Xun’s personality.

If there is any scandal between the two, it should be the result of Lu Xun’s old enemy’s embellishment and malicious attack.

Link after the article: Is the affection with my sister-in-law a grievance?

But the most puzzling thing is that Zhou Zuoren held a contemptuous attitude towards Lu Xun’s marriage choice. In his view, the cohabitation between Lu Xun and Xu Guangping was caused by eroticism, and it was an old literati’s act of concubinage. It is puzzling to think that Zhou Zuoren, who has always advocated freedom of personality and healthy morality, did not tolerate the life journey of free love at this time.

In fact, Zhou Zuoren, a great traitor, is a very sensible person in love between men and women. He knows that free love is the evolution of human beings. But why are you so harsh on Lu Xun? The author thinks that one is the resentment formed by Yu Taixin’s son, and the other is to consider the problem from Zhu An’s point of view and feel that Juan is too pitiful. The latter reason, the author thinks, is quite in line with his thinking. He once thought that love could not bring pain to others, otherwise, it would be immoral.

Let’s talk about another truth that the relationship between Zhou Zuoren and Lu Xun has deteriorated. In February 1919, Lu Xun sold his ancestral home in Shaoxing and moved his family to Beiping. Badaowan, a new residence, is a big quadrangle with "three entrances", which is high-open, spacious and bright. Considering the living habits of Yutaizi’s family, Lu Xun specially converted several houses in the backyard into Japanese format.

I didn’t expect Badaowan to become the king of Yutai Shinko. In life, she ostentatiously talks about ostentation and extravagance, spends money like water and has no plan. If the food doesn’t taste good, it will be withdrawn to the kitchen for redoing. She has only given birth to two children, and there are at least six or seven male and female servants employed by the whole family, not counting rickshaw drivers who take the children to school. In this regard, Zhou Zuoren at least acquiesced. All he wants is to reach out for food and clothes, and the peace of the desk in the "bitter rain Zhai", and nothing else is asked or heard.

But all this still can’t satisfy YuTaiXinZi. Her real goal is that only her own family can be accommodated in Badaowan. In this way, ten months after her third brother Zhou Jianren was driven away, she laid hands on Lu Xun.

I don’t know what she blew in one ear and out the other to Zhou Zuoren on the pillow, and what sewage poison saliva she spilled on Lu Xun, — — It is never possible for others to know about this — — All we know is that on this day, on July 19th, 1922, Zhou Zuoren suddenly held a letter in his hand, which read "Mr. Lu Xun" and gnashed his teeth: "Please don’t come to the back yard in the future!" Lu Xun was surprised and wanted to ask, "I want to ask after the invitation." Visible feather too letter son this bite how poison! In this way, Lu Xun was also expelled from Badaowan by Zhou Zuoren and his wife.

For this period of history, some Lu Xun researchers speculated that it was he who took a look at his sister-in-law’s bath that led to the disharmony between his brothers. However, according to Mr. Zhangchuandao, who lived in Badaowan guest room at that time, the house in the backyard of Badaowan had a trench outside the window and flowers planted, so people could not get close.

However, the author analyzes it with modern ideas, but has his own views. Let’s talk about it here. I thought that when Lu Xun and Zhou Zuoren were studying in Tokyo, Japanese customs, general family bathing, men and women coming in and out, did not avoid each other. According to the above, it was common to contact the Zhou brothers who lived in the same hospital at that time and went in and out of each other’s residence. In this case, it was not Lu Xun’s fault to accidentally meet, and Lu Xun would never peek at his sister-in-law’s body! This week, Zhou Zuoren was too cruel to his brother.

If you talk about the Maritime Silk Road, you may imagine that big ships are full of silk and sold all over the world. In fact, when it comes to hard currency in marine trade, it is porcelain.

In 1557, the Portuguese established a trading port in Macau, which started the colonization of this area and opened a new chapter in the export of China porcelain. Before that, China’s export porcelain was mainly controlled by Arabs. With the arrival of Portuguese, Europeans occupied a dominant position in China’s porcelain trade for the first time. When the exquisite porcelain was transported to the European court, these treasures from the East quickly attracted the attention of European nobles. In English, these porcelains are called "china-ware". Since then, the meaning of this word has changed further, and porcelains produced anywhere are called "china".

Although Europeans quickly ignited the enthusiasm of imitating porcelain, they were deeply troubled by the mystery of porcelain. Because of the translucent characteristics of porcelain, Europeans tried to mix glass powder into clay at that time in order to make exquisite porcelain. As a matter of fact, as early as in The Travels of Marco Polo, there were descriptions of porcelain recipes, but they were all whimsical and could not be copied. In 1570s, the Medici family successfully copied it for the first time in Florence, but it was difficult to compare with Chinese porcelain in hardness and quality. Many people believe that Yin Hongxu, a Catholic missionary in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, sent her observations in Jingdezhen and samples of kaolin and porcelain clay to Europe, so that Europeans finally learned the secret of porcelain making in China. But before Yin Hongxu, Europe had actually guessed the secret of porcelain. This story happened in Dresden, then the Principality of Saxony, and there is a legendary story behind this legendary discovery.

Medici family made porcelain in 1575-1587. As can be seen from the picture, they mainly imitated the style of blue and white porcelain, but the quality was not good.

The arrested alchemist

Meissen, Germany, has an unparalleled position in the history of European porcelain production, because it is the first place to start the high-quality imitation of China porcelain, and makes Meissen become the iconic brand of European porcelain. However, this critical moment in the history of European porcelain originated from an absurd case.

In 1700, John Friedrich Friedrich BTTGER (February 4, 1682-March 13, 1719), an 18-year-old genius, was arrested in Vittenburg and taken to Dresden. Augustus the Strong "elector of Saxony, ordered his arrest. The young man said that he had not committed any crime and should not be treated illegally. However, Augustus is hiding something from him. I don’t know where this elector heard that this young man is a gifted alchemist who can refine gold from some scrap metal and soil. Rumors of alchemy have reverberated in Europe for thousands of years. Although no one has really succeeded, most people have no doubt about the real existence of this technology. Therefore, Augustus asked the boy to make gold for him in Dresden, otherwise, he would be imprisoned for life.

A bust of Botger

The rumors that Augustus heard were not groundless. During his stay in Berlin, Botger followed the famous chemist Zorn in experiments. Chemists at that time often had a belief that there was a mysterious substance (Alltinktur) in the world that could extract a magic medicine that could cure all diseases, or that ordinary metals could be turned into precious gold through a special reagent (so-called Goldmachertinktur). It is said that Zon mastered the secret, and this mysterious formula was stolen by young Botger. Frederik 1 of Prussia also hoped Boteger would make gold for him, but because of the leak, Boteger was able to escape from Berlin. Unexpectedly, he went out of the wolf’s den and into the jaws of death, and fell into the hands of Augustus.

Mathematicians’ feelings about porcelain

He was imprisoned in a secret cabin and forced to carry out hopeless chemical experiments. Augustus sent another chemist to supervise Botger’s work, and this person was Ehrenfried Walther von tschirnhaus (April 10, 1651-October 11, 1708).

Compared with Botger, Zienhaus is already a renowned physicist, mathematician, chemist and medical scientist. Zienhouse studied mathematics, philosophy and medicine at Leiden University in the Netherlands in his early years, and served in the Dutch army from 1672 to 1673. He has made a lot of friends in European academic circles, not only having a good talk with the philosopher Spinoza in Holland, but also going to England to discuss mathematical problems with Isaac Newton. When he was in Paris, he met Leibniz, who had a bad relationship with Newton, became his lifelong friend and kept a lot of letters. Therefore, we have reason to think that he is more willing to believe that calculus is Leibniz’s masterpiece.

Zienhaus portrait

In addition to mathematics and philosophy, Zenhouse has been trying to reveal the secrets of China porcelain, and has achieved some breakthrough results, but he can’t repeat his experiments on a stable basis. He suggested to Botger that they study the secret recipe of porcelain together. He told Boteger that it was more feasible to find out the formula of China porcelain than alchemy, and if it could produce exquisite porcelain, it would be enough to give Augustus an account. In the European market at that time, the value of exquisite porcelain was not inferior to that of gold and silver, and even comparable to that of platinum. Although Botger himself was depressed, Zienhaus’s suggestion was accepted by Augustus. So, under the surveillance of a group of guards, Botger went to Mason to engage in porcelain experiments. Even when Swedish troops invaded the Principality of Saxony in 1706, they were looking for Botger. In order to keep this "big baby", Augustus transferred him to a distant black forest and imprisoned him during the war.

Explore the secret recipe of porcelain

Just after the war ended in September, 1707, Augustus personally ordered Botger to cooperate with Zienhouse to try to imitate China porcelain with some chemists and craftsmen in the laboratory in a castle in Dresden. At that time, Yin Hongxu had not written "China Ceramics", and this letter about the secrets of Jingdezhen porcelain did not reach Europe until 1712. So the main method at that time was to conduct repeated experiments on massive raw materials. In January 1708, they found the first workable formula. In this formula, the key step is to use kaolin and alabaster from Schneeberg. Augustus was very satisfied with this result, and even placed an important position in the Privy Council for the laboratory commander-in-chief, Zienhaus, and asked him to lead a porcelain production factory in the future. Zienhouse modestly replied to the king that he hoped to wait until all the experiments were finished and a way of mass production was found before accepting the king’s reward and position.

Unfortunately, Zienhaus died on October 11th of that year, and the whole process of porcelain decryption was handed over to the young Botger. What is puzzling is that the production of porcelain has been at a standstill. On March 20th, 1709, Melchior Steinbrück, the manager of the Zienhouse family business, signed an asset certificate with Boteger, and eight days later, Boteger suddenly informed King Augustus that he had invented the formula for making good porcelain.

In the early summer of 1709, the Dresden factory began to produce porcelain on a large scale and sold it at the Easter market in Leipzig in 1710. At the same time, Augustus also built a royal porcelain factory in Myson, which was operated remotely by Botger in Dresden to supervise the production of porcelain. It is worth noting that the early porcelain of Meissen is red in color, which is more similar to the purple sand (then called B?ttgersteinzeug, which is still used in German to represent purple sand), and then it is glazed and fired again, and decorated with silver carvings in the baroque style that was popular at that time.

Mason porcelain made in 1708-1710. It can be clearly seen from the picture that there is still a big gap in quality between white porcelain and later white porcelain.

Beginning in 1713, Botger further improved the process, which enabled Meissen’s factory to produce white porcelain, and mastered the glaze process in the following years, which became popular in Europe. Botger is deeply proud of his creation, and even thinks that his porcelain is superior to Chinese porcelain. In any case, in the European market, Saxony porcelain has become a symbol of new fashion and status.

In 2010, Germany issued a commemorative stamp commemorating the 300th anniversary of German porcelain making. The portrait selected for the stamp was drawn by Paul Kie?ling in Albrechtsburg in 1880, in which Botger was the one who operated the experiment in front, while Zienhaus was sitting in the back with a wig.

Although Botger, who created great wealth for Saxony, was rewarded with a mansion, there were still guards at the door and he failed to regain his freedom. Because Dagong was worried that he would leak the secret recipe of porcelain making, which would affect Saxony’s leading position in the European porcelain making industry. In 1714, Botger, who had been imprisoned for nearly fifteen years, was finally set free. Although the archduke was furious at Botger’s failure to find the secret of alchemy, Meissen’s exquisite porcelain won him great wealth. Sadly, however, this talented chemist died in 1719. This may be because he worked in a porcelain kiln for a long time without protective measures, and his health was fatally endangered. Some people say that he died of a killer sent by Augustus and put deadly poison in the wine he drank. It is said that shortly before his death, Botger wrote a poem to describe the misery of his life and the greed of the king:

The king longed for the fruit of gold,

But these weak hands are hard to make.

Only the crystallization of porphyry and borax,

Presented in front of the king’s throne as a sacrifice.

Yes, because of inner greed, these hands reached out to the big ship full of porcelain.

Portuge Memorial Statue in Dresden

Disputes over the right of invention

However, this story did not end with the death of Botger. His right to discover the secrets of porcelain-making was questioned after his death. Many people in the industry believe that Botger stole Zienhaus’s discovery that his room was stolen three days after Zienhaus’s death. People believe that Botger is the thief and stole the secret recipe written by Zenhouse. Others believe that Botger got the recipe only when Steinbrook arrived in Dresden to deal with Zienhaus’ relics together. For Steinbrook, after taking charge of the Wangs porcelain factory, Botger appointed him as supervisor and married his sister to him.

In addition to these strange events, there are also some witnesses who publicly accuse Botger of stealing the achievements of Zenhaus. Samuel St?lzel, a porcelain craftsman who defected from Myson to Vienna at that time, proved in 1719 that Zienhouse first discovered the secret of porcelain, but it was not further revised and made public because of his sudden death. In the same year, Caspar Bussius, secretary general of Meissen’s Handicraft Guild, also made it clear that the invention of porcelain should be attributed not to Botger, but to Zienhouse, because the former got the formula from the latter.

In 1731, Peter Mohrenthal, president of the Meissen Chamber of Commerce, wrote: "The whole of Saxony will remember von Zienhouse. As long as Meissen’s porcelain factory is unique outside China, his reputation will last forever … because Mr. Zienhouse was the first lucky person to find the secret of porcelain, and the controversial Mr. Bergent only developed in details later … Feng.

It is worth mentioning that Mason’s porcelain-making tradition still exists today. At the end of 18th century, the German civil war continued, and once the factory with 700 employees was moved to Berlin. After World War II, Germany, as a defeated country, was forced to send a lot of equipment to the Soviet Union as compensation. Due to the division of Germany, Meissen’s porcelain factory became a joint venture between the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Germany (East Germany), and became the main source of foreign exchange for East Germany after 1950.

Therefore, no matter who was the first person to discover the secret of porcelain in Europe, Europeans nearly 300 years ago got a glimpse of the mysterious fate of China porcelain, which made European porcelain-making technology enter a new stage. The discovery of this secret has also had an impact on China, especially on the decline of many export-oriented porcelain factories in Jingdezhen, which is another story.

The glazed porcelain made by Maisen in the 1720s is obviously influenced by China porcelain, among which the "nondescript" Chinese style of painting is similar to the "Jesuit porcelain" made in China.

On August 18th, the website of the State Administration of Market Supervision published a batch of vehicle recall information, involving Volvo, Ford and other brands.

01

Safety belts are at risk of failure,

Volvo recalled about 244,800 cars.

Volvo Car Sales (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. and Zhejiang Haoqing Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. decided to recall the following imported and domestic Volvo cars from January 18, 2021, totaling 244,800 vehicles.

(1) Volvo Car Sales (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (102,070 vehicles in total)

From February 7, 2006 to April 8, 2016, there were 15 S80 cars of 2007-2016;

S80L vehicles of 2009-2015 produced from August 13th, 2009 to November 21st, 2015, totaling 41,684 vehicles;

A total of 33,488 S60 cars of 2011-2018 were produced from May 21, 2010 to August 14, 2018;

From March 14th, 2007 to April 27th, 2016, there were 2 V70 cars of 2008-2016;

From June 22, 2010 to August 27, 2018, a total of 25,594 V60 cars were produced in 2011-2018;

From March 18th, 2008 to April 22nd, 2016, there were 318 XC60 cars of 2009-2016.

From December 4, 2014 to August 21, 2018, a total of 969 V60CC vehicles of 2015-2018 were produced.

(II) Zhejiang Haoqing Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (142,730 vehicles in total)

From December 13th, 2013 to December 23rd, 2019, a total of 142,730 S60L vehicles of 2014-2020 were produced.

For some vehicles within the scope of this recall, due to design reasons, if the seat belt fixing cable installed outside the front seat is in a specific position, the driver and the front passenger may cause the seat belt fixing cable to bend repeatedly and exceed the yield strength of the cable, resulting in the cable stretching, and long-term fatigue and wear may lead to the cable breaking. When a vehicle collides, it may affect the seat belt restraint function, and in extreme cases, the seat belt restraint function may fail, which increases the risk of personal injury in the accident and has potential safety hazards.

Volvo Car Sales (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. and Zhejiang Haoqing Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. will replace the improved front seat outer seat belt fasteners for vehicles within the recall range free of charge to eliminate safety hazards.

In addition, official website, the State Administration of Market Supervision, showed that before the vehicle is recalled for maintenance, it is suggested that the driver and the front passenger should ensure that the seat belt fixing piece is vertical when entering the vehicle, which is consistent with the direction of the seat back, so that the seat belt fixing piece will not bend to the seat cushion when the driver and the front passenger sit in the seat, and the seat belt fixing piece can be prevented from being damaged.

02

Ford recalls some imported Lincoln cars;

Seat airbag may not work properly.

Ford Motor (China) Co., Ltd. filed a recall plan with the State Administration of Market Supervision according to the requirements of the Regulations on the Management of Defective Automobile Product Recall and the Measures for the Implementation of the Regulations on the Management of Defective Automobile Product Recall.

It is decided to recall some imported Lincoln MKX cars from May 28, 2015 to July 30, 2018 from August 21, 2020, totaling 10,649 vehicles; And some imported Lincoln Navigator cars produced from September 27, 2018 to September 30, 2019 in 2019-2020, totaling 4,010.

For some vehicles within the scope of this recall, due to the narrow gap between the front seat harness and the seat pan frame, when the seat pan angle adjustment function is used, the edge of the seat pan frame may interfere with the seat harness, which may lead to the wear of the seat harness in extreme cases, which may cause the front seat airbag system to fail to work normally and pose a safety hazard.

Ford Motor (China) Co., Ltd. will entrust Lincoln authorized dealers to install flocking tape on the exposed edge of the front seat basin frame for vehicles within the recall scope free of charge, and at the same time, check the seat harness and repair or replace it as necessary to eliminate potential safety hazards.

Source: China Economic Weekly

Original title: "@ Jiading Owner, Volvo and Ford Recall 250,000 Cars! 》

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　　Those who are good at games seek the potential, while those who are good at governance seek the overall situation. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed during his recent inspection tour in Sichuan: "Sichuan is located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, so it is necessary to enhance the overall awareness, firmly establish the upstream awareness, unswervingly implement the policy of joint protection and no development, build an ecological barrier in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and protect this clear water."

　　The Yangtze River Economic Belt covers 11 provinces and cities along the Yangtze River and spans three major plates in China. Restoring the ecological environment of the Yangtze River and promoting the high-quality development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt require the interaction and cooperation of the upper, middle and lower reaches. At the symposium on further promoting the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt held in 2018, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that "the protection and restoration of the Yangtze River ecological environment ‘ Seek a domain ’ Mostly, ‘ Passively ’ There are many key breakthroughs; ‘ Seek the overall situation ’ Insufficient, ‘ Actively ’ Less overall promotion "requires" correctly grasping the relationship between overall promotion and key breakthroughs, based on the overall situation, making decisions before moving ". In recent years, it is precisely because of insisting on systematic planning from the overall situation and the overall situation that the ecological environment protection of the Yangtze River Economic Belt has undergone a turning point.

　　"He who does not seek the overall situation does not seek a domain". Observing the general situation, seeking the overall situation and grasping major events are important ways of thinking and working. If we don’t consider our work from the overall situation and the whole, we will easily "see the trees but not the forest" and lose sight of one thing, and fall into the dilemma of picking up sesame seeds and throwing watermelons and making up for the short wall; If you only pay attention to your own land, one-sided emphasis on the particularity of the local department will not be conducive to the development of national and overall work, and in the end, it will also hinder the development of one party. And when we "understand the overall things, we will use the local things more". The ancients said that "the one who gets the most can also be small", which is the truth. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader profoundly pointed out that "leading cadres must have a clear idea of the country’s big players when they think about problems and make decisions, and they must make more big calculations and calculate big accounts, and less small calculations", emphasizing that "more attention should be paid to planning a domain from the overall situation and serving the overall situation with a domain", which is of great guiding significance for all localities and departments to do a good job. This requires us not only to be good at analyzing and studying the situation from the overall situation and strengthening planning, but also to do a good job in specific work and things, and to serve the overall work by solving practical problems and promoting specific work.

　　Planning a domain from the overall situation is a kind of mind, vision and pattern. When the Supreme Leader was in charge of Shanghai, he pointed out that the future development of Shanghai must be considered and planned in the central government’s strategic orientation for Shanghai’s development, in the general trend of economic globalization, in the overall development pattern of the whole country, and in the overall deployment of the country for the regional development of the Yangtze River Delta. During his inspection tour in Shanghai in May 2014, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader asked Shanghai cadres at all levels to look at the whole world and the whole country, constantly improve their strategic thinking, strategic grasp and strategic operation ability, and strive for development and achievements, not only striving for domestic first-class, but also daring to compare and compete internationally. Leading cadres and officials at all levels should always regard the overall situation as the starting point and the end result of observing and handling problems, pursue the overall interests as the highest value, correctly understand the overall situation and consciously obey the overall situation, so as to continuously improve the principle, systematicness, foresight and creativity of "seeking a domain".

　　At the same time, we must realize that the overall situation cannot be separated from the parts and independent, and the overall situation is composed of all its parts. This requires us to serve the overall situation with one domain and promote the overall improvement of the overall situation through local key breakthroughs. When talking about the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that "we should use the method of system theory to correctly grasp the relationship between our own development and coordinated development" and "all regions and cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt must proceed from the whole and establish ‘ A game of chess ’ Thought, realize dislocation development, coordinated development, organic integration, and form an overall synergy. " For leading cadres at all levels, it is necessary to firmly establish the idea of "playing a game of chess", focus on the overall interests on major issues, define the orientation of self-development in the overall situation of national development, identify the combination of their own advantages and overall work, and avoid interfering with the overall situation, actively integrating into the overall situation, and effectively serving the overall situation.

　　There is such a vivid metaphor: "A choir must pay attention to a main theme and a rhythm if it wants to speak with one voice. The same is true of economic work. If every department and unit emphasizes the importance of their work, each plays its own horn and sings its own tune, it is not singing ‘ Smash the pot ’ Can’t. " On the new journey, we will improve our strategic thinking ability of taking the overall situation into consideration, strengthen our mission of "making the most of the things and doing the most of them", not only take a long view, take the overall situation into consideration, but also implement them in detail and accumulate them, so that we will surely win glory for a domain, add luster to the overall situation and play the chorus of high-quality economic and social development.

　　People’s Daily (June 20, 2022, 04 edition)

　　Fully Automated Driving (FSD) has entered China, and the countdown has officially started.

　　On April 30, some media found that the user APP was worth 64,000 yuan, including automatic assisted navigation and driving, automatic assisted lane change, automatic parking, summoning function, intelligent summoning, traffic signal recognition, and FSD of urban NOA.It has changed from "coming out later" to "coming out soon".

　　On the same day, some media reported that,Has reached an exclusive cooperation with, becoming the lane-level map information provider of the latter’s automatic assisted driving series products.

　　The party has not officially announced or confirmed the authenticity of the news, which may be related toIt has always been related to the tradition of requiring partners to keep secrets.However, the reporter from 21st century business herald has been confirmed by people in the industry that the above news is true, and the cooperation price quoted is "extremely low".

　　As the foreshadowing of this historic moment, the significance of elon musk’s recent trip to China is self-evident.

　　On the same day of Musk’s arrival, the China Automobile Industry Association and the National Computer Network Emergency Technology Processing Coordination Center issued the Notice on the Detection of Four Safety Requirements for Automobile Data Processing, and, ideal,76 models of six brands were included in the first batch of car companies that passed the relevant safety requirements. Tesla is the only foreign car brand that has passed.

　　Yet we called and urged a thousand times before she started toward us’s China version of FSD has also touched a sensitive nerve in the capital market.

　　On April 29th, Tesla’s share price pulled out a 15% upward gap, which swept away the downturn caused by layoffs and poor sales.

　　"he is back",In the research report released on April 29, the symbolic significance of Musk’s two visits to China in one year was briefly evaluated, and the target price of Tesla was set at $310, which was about 50% higher than the current price.

　　"The significance of Musk’s trip to China is far more than just automatic driving in China … This will determine whether Tesla’s CEO is flying or sleeping on the road."Analyst Adam Jonas ridiculed in the research report.

　　whip the flying horse to an even swifter speed—accelerate the speed

　　The news that Tesla FSD entered China began to ferment after Musk came to China last year.

　　In May, 2023, after Musk visited China, the possibility of "FSD’s entry into China" once caused a heated discussion in stages.

　　At that time, the judgment of most people in the industry and professional organizations was that "FSD’s entry into China" could not be achieved overnight, because its landing needs to be in line with domestic conditions.Regulations, it is necessary to build a local supercomputer center like "Dojo" to store data and provide end-to-end autopilot services, etc …

　　However, Tesla’s progress in solving the above problems seems to be much faster than many people think.

　　In mid-August last year, the famous "No Tesla in Yueyang Airport" event fermented, and the Tesla issue was once again put on the table.

　　However, just as everyone was worried about the prospects of Tesla FSD in China, the company unexpectedly revealed a message: "Our company is in China.It is already under construction. "

　　Also in August, it was reported in the market that Tesla was setting up a localization operation team of about 20 people to promote the landing of FSD in China with the assistance of engineers from Tesla’s North American headquarters.

　　At this moment, the industry has learned that Tesla FSD’s entry into China is not a smoke bomb.

　　In November last year, an X (Twitter) blogger named "Tesla China Analyse" claimed that he had discussed the time when the FSD would enter China with the relevant team of Tesla, and Tesla’s response at that time was that "the relevant laws and regulations on autonomous driving in China need to be finalized".

　　Since then, Tesla has not only confirmed this news, but also further accelerated the preparations for FSD’s entry into China.

　　On November 20th, Tesla China official website updated the owner’s manual of China with FSD Beta.

　　Since then, on November 23, Tesla officially confirmed that it is promoting FSD’s entry into China.

　　Have a big stake

　　In 2023, under the encirclement and suppression of the old and new forces of mass-produced cars in China, the sales of Tesla electric vehicles gradually fell behind, and the landing of FSD in China became the biggest reliance for it to reverse the decline.

　　The company’s financial report shows that its sales revenue growth rate and profit rate in the fourth quarter of 2023 and the first quarter of 2024 are not as good as the expectations of Wall Street investment banks.

　　Since then, Tesla has announced that it will lay off 10% of its employees worldwide, while the number of layoffs in China is as high as 20%.

　　21st century business herald reporter learned that most of the layoffs in China District are related to the sales department, and the related personnel have recently been absorbed by the new domestic car companies.

　　However, Tesla’s broadsword of layoffs did not go to Tesla Giga Shanghai’s production department on a large scale.

　　It is worth noting that in the 2023 earnings conference call, Musk revealed that Tesla is preparing an "entry-level" model, and plans to start production in the company’s Mexican factory in 2025 to counter the price advantage of China car companies.

　　"Tesla’s series of innovative technologies have been partially surpassed by China car companies. Now, for Tesla, the only way is to reverse its sales through FSD. beforeTucki, and other autopilot have already landed in China. For Tesla, landing FSD in China is imminent. Zhang Xiang, a visiting professor at the Yellow River Institute of Science and Technology, told 21st century business herald.

　　Time came to April 6 this year, and Musk announced on social media that Tesla would enter the Robotaxi (self-driving taxi) business. Specific to the time, Musk revealed that Tesla will launch Robotaxi on August 8.

　　After the release of Robotaxi, Musk revealed on the social platform that FSD was "launched immediately" in China. Now it seems that this message has been a preview of Musk’s visit to China again in two years.

　　Interestingly, at that time, many people speculated that choosing "August 8th", a lucky number in Chinese, to reveal Robotaxi was actually implying that Tesla Robotaxi might take the lead in China.

　　Just last night, Musk’s reply to this speculation was extremely embarrassing. "I did partially consider that 8/8 is the reason for China’s lucky number-of course, this is also because my triplets’ birthday is on this day."

　　Counter-attack

　　Just as Tesla was granted the qualification of data processing security, it was reported that Baidu became Tesla’s exclusive map data partner in China.

　　At the same time, it is confirmed that among several advanced assisted driving maps recently approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources, "GS(2023)4634 Advanced Assisted Driving Map" is a lane-level map jointly completed by Baidu and Tesla, and this cooperation is "exclusive" and deeply customized.

　　It is also reported that some Tesla users in China recently received an invitation for internal testing from Tesla FSD, but Tesla China immediately denied this suggestion.

　　All kinds of news are coming, which means that Tesla FSD has officially entered the countdown stage when it entered China. Of course, it will take time to prove whether FSD will become Tesla’s lifeline.

　　For example, Tesla’s biggest competitor in China recently launched DiPilot, a free advanced intelligent driving assistance system. The platform includes DiTrainer and DiDAS, and its functions include automatic emergency braking assistance system, forward collision warning system, adaptive cruise, one-lane integrated cruise, traffic jam assistance, lane departure warning system, lane keeping system, blind spot detection, automatic parking, panoramic image and remote driving.

　　But in any case, Tesla FSD officially entered China, which has a positive incentive for the whole smart car industry chain.

　　"Looking ahead, Tesla’s FSD is expected to become a new benchmark for autonomous driving in China. Tesla enjoys a high reputation all over the world, and it is expected to become the’ catfish’ in China’s autonomous driving market in the future, which will be followed by other local enterprises. With the flow of talents, the overall autonomous driving market in China will usher in new changes and opportunities. " Zhang Xiang told reporters.