Member Wang Xiulin: There are three main problems in the integration of urban and rural sanitation.

  Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, March 7 (Reporter Pan Linqing) Wang Xiulin, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and vice chairman of Qingdao Municipal Political Consultative Conference, pointed out that the integration of urban and rural sanitation is a livelihood project to meet people’s expectations and improve rural living environment. In recent years, the integration of urban and rural sanitation in China has improved significantly, but management still needs to be further strengthened.

  Wang Xiulin said that at present, there are three main problems in the integration of urban and rural sanitation. First, there are double standards in urban and rural areas in environmental governance, and there is a lack of overall planning; Second, the comprehensive management of urban and rural environment "Jiulong Water Control", planning, construction, environmental protection, water conservancy, agriculture and other departments "all manage one pool", it is difficult to form a joint force; Third, the disclosure of environmental protection information is restricted.

  Wang Xiulin suggested that the overall standards for urban and rural sanitation management should be established, the urban-rural and regional divisions should be effectively broken, and unified standards for planning, construction, operation, monitoring, governance and emergency should be realized for sewage treatment and garbage disposal. We should earnestly establish the concept of "green development" among leading cadres at all levels, especially the main leaders of provinces and cities, establish a system of joint departmental meetings, strengthen the cooperation and linkage of planning, construction, public utilities, agriculture, environmental protection, publicity and other departments, pay close attention to supervision and assessment, and strengthen the accountability of accidents.

  Wang Xiulin proposed to improve the environmental information disclosure mechanism. For example, we can speed up the transformation of the environmental monitoring system model, establish a data warehouse that meets the requirements of the real-time "full monitoring" model on the premise of realizing the unified standards and interconnection of monitoring statistical data management systems in environmental protection, water conservancy, agriculture and other departments, and coordinate the layout of environmental monitoring stations such as regional pollution sources and key river basins, so as to integrate and upgrade the current "segmented monitoring" system into a unified and real-time "full monitoring".

Lin Bin said that he could not convince Lei Jun that the price of YU7 was 250,000. How much do you think it would be?

On June 18th, some netizens commented in the comment area of Xiaomi co-founder and deputy director @ Lin Bin _Bin, "Bin can’t convince Mr. Lei, and the price of Xiaomi YU7 is 25.59 (ten thousand)." Lin Bin replied, "No". ?

Wandering stars

As you can see, when netizens suggested that YU7 should be priced at 255,900 yuan, Lin Bin directly denied it as "no", indicating that Xiaomi has a clear bottom line for pricing.

Wandering stars

At the press conference on the evening of May 22nd, Lei Jun compared the parameters of Xiaomi YU7 and Model Y one by one. Regarding the price of Xiaomi YU7, Lei Jun revealed: "Model Y is priced at 263,500 yuan, and I think YU7 looks at these configurations at least 60,000 to 70,000 yuan. Many people on the Internet say that we have to set 199,000 yuan, which is impossible. This configuration is priced at Model Y without more than 300,000 yuan. "

Kaiyue channel

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Suzhou City 0512-66268958 Jiangsu(Province) Suzhou Suzhou dongchang Dashuwan, Taiyang Road, Xiangcheng District, Suzhou (Xiangcheng Boulevard) 0512-82139999 Jiangsu(Province) Nantong Nantong Yangtze River Shangtong No.28, Changjiang South Road, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province 0513-85729997 Jiangsu(Province) Nantong Nantong new city No.139 Chenggang Road, Nantong City 0513-85600916 Jiangsu(Province) Yancheng Yancheng new city 888, century avenue, Yandu New District, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province (Bugao Automobile Parts) 0515-3133683 Jiangsu(Province) Taicang Taicang huasu No.1 -2 Dongting North Road, Development Zone, Taicang City, Jiangsu Province 0512-53565833 Jiangsu(Province) Xuzhou Xuzhou haiying Xuzhou citizen Fuyuan commercial street building 1 0516-3666128 Jiangsu(Province) Xuzhou Xuzhou rundong Huitong Next door to Huaihai Group, west of National Highway 104, Chengnan Development Zone, Xuzhou City 0516-3207068 Jiangsu(Province) lianyungang Lianyungang dongfang yuantong South of Nancheng Town Bridge, Xinpu District, Lianyungang City 0518-5912999 Jiangsu(Province) Jiangyin Jiangyin shangtong No.199, Cheng Lu Yang, Jiangyin City 0510-86270175 Jiangsu(Province) Wujiang Wujiang Hecheng Ba Ni Development Zone, Songling Town, Wujiang 0512-63369552 Jiangsu(Province) Changshu Changshu huahong 228 Qingduntang Road, Changshu City 0512-52833169 Jiangsu(Province) Kunshan Kunshan huatong No.1131, Changjiang South Road, Kunshan City, Jiangsu Province 0512-57361383 Jiangsu(Province) Yixing Yixing Yitong Hongtajiao Village, Yicheng Town, Yixing City 0510-87112536 Jiangsu(Province) Zhangjiagang Zhangjiagang sentong No.1 Luyang Road, Zhangjiagang City, Jiangsu Province 0512-58912901 Xinjiang Urumqi Tian Shu, Xinjiang No.10, Changsha South Road, High-tech Industrial Development Zone, Urumqi 0991-3668999 Xinjiang Bazhou Bazhou Tian Shu No.2, Zone A, Shenzhou International Automobile City, No.78 Shihua Avenue, Korla, Xinjiang 0996-2162228 Xinjiang Karamay Xinjiang tianxuan 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It is difficult for the British Museum to return China cultural relics for free, but the voice should not stop.

  Last Friday, the director of the British Museum, Hartwich Fisher, resigned because of the recent exposure of a major collection theft. The ability of the British Museum to protect cultural relics was questioned again. At present, many countries and regions have requested the return of their cultural relics.

  "Please ask the British Museum to return China cultural relics free of charge" also rushed to the hot search. The British Museum has the largest collection of cultural relics lost in China, with more than 23,000 pieces at present. These cultural relics cover almost all art categories and span thousands of years of China history.

  Perhaps, people’s appeals can’t recover several collections from the exhibition hall or warehouse of the British Museum, but such voices should never stop.

  On August 16th, local time, the British Museum announced awkwardly that a batch of "gold jewelry, semi-precious stones and glass products from 15th century BC to 19th century AD" were found to be "lost, stolen or damaged". They were not on public display and were mainly used for academic and research purposes.

  Theft on this scale is obviously not committed by a group of thieves who suddenly attacked, but stems from long-term inside job theft. Peter higgs, a 56-year-old senior curator, is one of the current suspects in the theft case. He has worked for the British Museum for more than 35 years, and was fired immediately after finding the jewels missing in the museum.

  Higgs is also one of the authoritative experts on ancient Greek and Mediterranean cultural relics, and a member of the "monuments men" team in charge of tracking looted cultural relics in the British Museum. Of course, Higgs’s son insisted in an interview with the British media that his father was innocent and denied that he had anything to do with the lost items. The British Museum declined to comment further, claiming that it is still under criminal investigation.

  In fact, as early as 2021, the British Museum has been reminded that some cultural relics that may be treasures in the collection are being sold privately. Professor Martin henig, a gem expert from Oxford University, once told the media that he and his colleagues had found a part of the ancient signet ring collected by the British Museum in a private dealer. "The history of this signet ring can be traced back to the Roman emperor Caesar Augustus."

  Henig informed the British Museum that this ancient ring with a history of 2,000 years was quickly recovered. However, things didn’t end there. As time went by, experts and scholars noticed more cultural relics for sale, and some cultural relics were even directly hanged on the e-commerce website eBay for public sale.

  An antique expert who asked not to be named revealed to the media that he found semi-precious stones and glass products for sale on eBay from 2016 or earlier, and the prices of some items were far below their true values.

  In February, 2021, Yitai Gradel, an art dealer, contacted the British Museum, saying that he also saw the cultural relics in the museum’s collection online, but it took jonathan Wilhemlms, then the deputy curator of the museum, several months to reply that "there were no improper signs".

  The incident was also confirmed by george osborne, chairman of the British Museum, who added that the museum "could have taken more measures" after the first warning of cultural relics being stolen in February 2021. But why not? Osborne’s explanation is that even he doesn’t want to believe that museum executives have "cover-up" behavior.

  Now that things have reached this point, we really have to wait for the big fight before paying attention to … … Archaeologist Crystal Zyro Dzhanis, the head of the UNESCO team dedicated to combating illegal cultural relics trafficking, described the theft as "the most serious theft in modern history".

  However, if we push the timeline forward again, if we want to talk about the "most serious theft in modern history" of cultural relics, isn’t it the British Museum itself, one of the protagonists who took in stolen goods?

  This is universally acknowledged. The British themselves face it frankly — — I grabbed it with my skill. Why should I return it? More than a decade ago, when David Cameron, then British Prime Minister, visited India, he also left an inspiring "golden sentence" on this topic.

  When he was interviewed by India’s NDTV TV, he was asked: When can Britain return the famous "Mountain of Light" diamond?

  This huge diamond weighs 105.6 carats and was once the largest natural diamond in the world, worth 591 million US dollars. According to the Indian Archaeological Investigation Bureau (ASI), this diamond was collected in the Golconda mine in south-central India in the 12th and 14th centuries, and the earliest literature can be traced back to 1304.

  The "Mountain of Light" diamond has always been full of mystery, and its successive owners have suffered bad luck and even died. There was a passage in the history of India: "Whoever owns it will own the whole world. Whoever owns it will have to bear the disaster it brings. Only God or a woman has it and will not suffer any punishment. "

  According to the Royal Collection Trust, in 1849, as part of the Lahore Treaty, this diamond was "presented" to Queen Victoria by Dhuleep Singh, the last monarch of the Sikh Empire at the age of 11. Since then, it has been passed down all the way and is now embedded in a crown worn by the late Queen Elizabeth II.

  But in the eyes of Indians, this diamond was taken away by Britain. After independence in 1947, India has been calling on Britain to return this diamond.

  In the face of the Indian media’s old story, Cameron rudely refused again, and took the British Museum as an example: "Once you say yes to a country, you will soon find that the British Museum will become empty." This sentence also proves from another angle that most of the precious collections in the British Museum are not owned by Britain.

  Hartwich Fisher, the former curator who resigned because of this theft, had previously made it clear that the cultural relics in the collection would not be returned. His words are: "These treasures from all over the world in the British Museum can let the audience enjoy different cultural relics from all over the world and at the same time in the same space, so that they can experience ‘ Cultural relevance ’ 。”

  The British may agree with this sentence, but other countries may not. Greece and Britain have the most intractable cultural heritage dispute in the world — — The dispute of Elgin marble statue in British Museum.

  The statue, also known as the Parthenon statue, once decorated the famous Parthenon in the Acropolis of Athens. At the beginning of the 19th century, Lord Elgin, a British aristocrat, got permission from the Ottomans, the then Greek ruler, to peel off these statues from the walls of the temple, ship them back to Britain and sell them to the British government in 1816.

  These statues have been placed in the British Museum as the core exhibits in the Greek exhibition hall. The Elgin marble statue has caused a long-standing dispute between the two countries. So far, the limit of Britain’s "letting go" is — — Consider letting these statues return to Greece temporarily in the form of "borrowing exhibitions" in the future.

  In 1970, UNESCO adopted an international convention (namely, the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illegal Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property), stipulating that ancient cultural relics entering other countries after 1970 must have an export license granted by the government of the country where the cultural relics originated.

  According to Xu Jie, director of the Asian Art Museum, 1970 was regarded as an important "watershed" for museums all over the world. "For example, the large-scale outflow of cultural relics from ancient civilizations such as Greece, Egypt, Turkey and China in the 18th and 19th centuries has basically come to an end."

  Although the continuous outflow stops, it is still more difficult to get back what has been lost. Many experts in the field of cultural relics have mentioned a general principle of property law: if the law changes, the previous legal transactions are still legal. Until the 20th century, art plunder still did not violate international law.

  What is exciting is that with the general trend of global liquidation and reflection on colonialism in recent years, a momentum of pursuing cultural relics has been formed, and successful cases have been reported frequently.

  Take Benin, a small African country, as an example. In February, 1897, British troops stormed the royal palace of the Kingdom of Benin (now in Nigeria) and took away a large number of treasures, including thousands of exquisite and distinctive bronzes, totaling more than 10,000.

  Since 2020, museums in many countries, including Britain (mainly European museums), have begun to return the bronzes looted from Benin in the past year. Although it is only a few, it has at least released a positive signal.

  How many China cultural relics have been lost overseas? According to the incomplete statistics of UNESCO, at least 1.64 million pieces of China cultural relics are distributed in more than 200 museums in 47 countries around the world, and the foreign folk collections are about ten times more than the collections.

  The British Museum has the largest collection of cultural relics lost in China, with more than 23,000 pieces at present and more than 2,000 pieces on long-term display. These cultural relics cover almost all artistic categories and span thousands of years of China history.

  One of the core collections in China Pavilion, Zhen Tu of Women’s History (copy of Tang Dynasty), has flowed into the people since the war in the late Tang Dynasty, then returned to the court in the Northern Song Dynasty, and spread all the way to the Qing Dynasty. It was the court treasure that Emperor Qianlong loved very much, and was moved to the Summer Palace during the reign of Empress Dowager Cixi.

  In 1900, when Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing and burned the Summer Palace, Captain Clarence K Johnson of the First Bengal Cavalry of the British Army took advantage of the chaos to steal a picture of women’s history. When Johnson returned to London in 1902, he didn’t realize the value of the painting. At the beginning of 1903, he took a picture of a woman’s history to the British Museum, and wanted the other party to evaluate the jade buckle on the painting axis. The staff valued the whole painting at 25 pounds. In this way, the British Museum bought the painting for only 25 pounds, and the Millennium national treasure has since been exiled to a foreign country.

  In 2002, National Cultural Heritage Administration, China set up a "special fund for the collection of national key precious cultural relics", with an annual allocation of 50 million yuan to purchase representative treasures with high artistic value. However, it cost nearly 29.99 million yuan just to buy back a handwritten scroll of Yan Shan Ming by Mi Fei, a famous calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty.

  Obviously, it will be an overwhelming project to recover cultural relics only by means of high-priced repurchase. Xie Chensheng (1922 ~ 2022), a famous expert on cultural relics in China and honorary president of China Cultural Relics Society, made it clear during his lifetime that we can only pursue those cultural relics that were robbed by naked fire through legal and official channels under the framework of international conventions, and we must never buy them. Buying them is tantamount to recognizing the legality of the looting in that year.

  In February, 1995, the British police discovered a suspected China cultural relic in the process of detecting an international cultural relic crime, and informed the Chinese Embassy in Britain. National Cultural Heritage Administration was initially identified as a cultural relic prohibited from leaving China. In March of that year, the British police intercepted and detained a large number of cultural relics that arrived in Britain. After National Cultural Heritage Administration sent a Commissioner to Britain for identification, it was confirmed as a smuggled cultural relic, and the relevant departments immediately pursued it in various ways.

  In May of the same year, more than 3,000 returned cultural relics were shipped back to Beijing. In August, a suspect in the case reached a settlement with National Cultural Heritage Administration and returned seven cultural relics. Another cultural relic buyer refused to negotiate, so the cultural relics involved have been detained by the British police. In this way, until 2020, because the buyer’s whereabouts were unknown, and the detention time exceeded the prosecution period, this batch of cultural relics involved was defined as ownerless, and finally returned to China in October of that year, with a total of 68 pieces, more than half of which were secondary and tertiary cultural relics.

  From the initial understanding of the situation to the final recovery, it took 25 years. The difficulty of transnational recourse of cultural relics can be seen.

  Although persistence may be futile, giving up is doomed to nothing. This arduous task is worthy of unremitting efforts. As Dan Jixiang, former director of the Palace Museum in Beijing, said, "Cultural relics are most dignified only when they are displayed in their original places. If you are lost overseas like a ghost, you have no dignity. Don’t expect outsiders to really give you dignity, because these cultural relics are the spoils they have snatched back. "

Interpretation of the original work of Sauvignon Blanc; The director set up a director and thanked the crew for their efforts.


1905 movie network news  On August 8th, the online drama "Sauvignon Blanc" held a seminar in Beijing. The general director, artistic director, original music, original author and screenwriter of the drama attended the event, and had in-depth discussions with the leaders and guests around the creation, innovation and overseas communication of the drama.


The first season of Sauvignon Blanc was launched in 2023, and received enthusiastic response from the audience. In the summer of 2024, the second season of "Sauvignon Blanc" returned as scheduled. The leading characters such as,,, and continued the relationship of the previous season, and through further upgraded plot clues, presented the audience with a series of wonderful stories, such as the completion of the great cause, Tu Shanjing’s retirement from the rivers and lakes, and phase liu’s death in defending righteousness.


At the scene, the general director Zhen Qin talked about the joint efforts made by the cast of Sauvignon Blanc in the whole process of preparation, setting and shooting. For example, she observed that the audience was satisfied with the visual effects of the final scenes of the series, which could not be separated from the team’s extensive desk work on historical and cultural elements in the early stage and the construction of fine real scenes to help the shooting.


Zheng Chen, the artistic director of Sauvignon Blanc, and Dong Dongdong, the original music, combined with their own work, interpreted the special design given to the main characters from the aspects of art and music. For example, Dong Dongdong shared the change of music style after the role change from Xiao Yao to Xiao Liu; At the same time, several male characters, such as Xie Da, Tu Shanjing and phase liu, also combined with the development of the plot and created their own theme songs with different instrumental music.


As the original author of Sauvignon Blanc, Tonghua also deeply participated in the script creation in the adaptation of this series. She admits that writing novels and plays are completely different perspectives and experiences, and in the process, she has a new understanding of the stories of her characters. For example, the role in the novel is more easily influenced by power, but through a more comprehensive combing of the relationship between characters in the script creation, the drama version has become more restrained, and it can also let go of small love and understand big love.


On the same day, many participating experts also shared their feelings about watching Sauvignon Blanc. Experts all said that as a work with the theme of ancient costume, Sauvignon Blanc has made a great breakthrough and promotion compared with similar works in terms of production and conception. I hope "Sauvignon Blanc" can become a positive example in creation and communication, and provide help for domestic drama series with ancient costume themes in the future.

Improve the unified, standardized and fair judicial expertise system.

  [Introduction to the author]Professor of China University of Political Science and Law, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in criminal procedure law research; Associate Professor, Doctor of Law, China University of Political Science and Law.

  [article source]China Judicial Appraisal, No.3, 2015

  [executive summary]Deepening the reform of judicial expertise system is an important content of comprehensively promoting the rule of law and deepening the reform of judicial system. However, at present, the management of the judicial expertise system still restricts the further development of the unified management system of judicial expertise, such as the business scope of the appraisal institutions in the investigation organs and the roster management of the judicial organs. In terms of the implementation procedure of judicial expertise, the problems related to the entrustment and acceptance of judicial expertise, the technical standards and specifications adopted, and the expert responsibility system are still outstanding; In the aspect of litigation procedure, the problems related to the initiation, cross-examination and re-appraisal of judicial expertise have not been well solved. This means that there is still a big obstacle to the development of the unified, standardized and fair judicial expertise system in China, and it is necessary to further improve the unified judicial expertise management system, the standardized judicial expertise implementation procedures and the fair judicial expertise litigation procedures.

  [Keywords:]Judicial expertise, expertise management, expertise implementation procedures, expertise litigation procedures

  Judicial expertise is not only an important part of the judicial system, but also a judicial guarantee system. Judicial expertise serves litigation activities and provides scientific and technical guarantee for fair justice. Its perfection is directly related to the realization of judicial justice, so it has always been the focus of judicial reform. The Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform and the Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comprehensively Promoting the Rule of Law adopted by the Third Plenary Session and the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee require deepening the reform of the judicial system, improving the unified judicial expertise management system, speeding up the construction of a fair, efficient and authoritative socialist judicial system, and making the people feel fair and just in every judicial case. Based on the main problems encountered in the reform of judicial expertise system in recent years, this paper puts forward some ideas to improve the judicial expertise system under the background of comprehensively promoting the rule of law. In view of the fact that the reform of judicial expertise system needs the overall promotion and coordination of litigation system, evidence system and administrative management system, this paper discusses it from three aspects: unified management of judicial expertise, implementation procedure of judicial expertise and litigation procedure of judicial expertise.

  A sound and unified management system of judicial expertise

  There have been two major drawbacks in the management of judicial expertise in China: first, the establishment of judicial expertise institutions is chaotic; Second, the practice management of judicial authentication institutions is decentralized, which leads to repeated authentication and multiple authentication. Faced with many appraisal opinions with different conclusions, the public security and judicial organs generally tend to trust and adopt the appraisal opinions issued by the appraisal institutions within their own organs, which leads to the problems of "self-investigation and self-examination, self-inspection and self-examination", and the neutrality of the appraisal institutions or appraisers is questioned. In order to solve these problems, the Ministry of Justice has successively issued a series of ministerial regulations or normative documents, including the Measures for the Administration of Registration of Judicial Appraisal Institutions, the Measures for the Administration of Judicial Appraisers, the Provisions on the Classification of Judicial Appraisal Practices (Provisional) and the Provisions on the Administration of Judicial Appraisal Licenses. In 2002, the Supreme People’s Court also issued the Interim Measures for Judicial Expertise of People’s Courts and the Administrative Measures for Entrusting and Organizing Judicial Expertise of People’s Courts, which made corresponding provisions on the management of judicial expertise institutions and personnel of people’s courts. Although these reform measures have improved the management order of judicial expertise, on the whole, they have little effect.

  In order to solve the outstanding problems in the practice of judicial expertise, such as unified management, socialization of appraisal institutions and neutrality of appraisers, on February 28th, 2005, the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) adopted the Decision on the Management of Judicial Expertise (hereinafter referred to as the Decision), which became an important legal basis for the management of judicial expertise. The "Decision" first focuses on solving the problem of the independence of the appraisal institutions, excluding the situation that the investigation organs are entrusted by the society to engage in appraisal services and the people’s courts and judicial administrative departments set up appraisal institutions themselves, and puts the appraisal institutions in a more neutral position that is not attached to any judicial organs or administrative organs. More importantly, the "Decision" establishes a unified management system of judicial expertise: the judicial administrative department has the right to conduct examination and registration management of social expertise institutions applied for by legal persons or other organizations, and to conduct filing and registration management of appraisal institutions of investigation organs. It can be said that the "Decision" is mainly devoted to the unified management of judicial expertise, that is, the judicial administrative organs should achieve the unification of registration, qualification, training, appraisal standards, fees and penalties for violations, and so on. However, in practice, the unified judicial expertise management system is far from being formed, and the judicial expertise management order is still chaotic.

  1.1 The rejection and breakthrough of the unified management of judicial expertise by the investigation organs and appraisal institutions.

  According to the provisions of Article 7 of the Decision, the establishment of an authentication institution by the investigation organ is not only restricted by the needs of investigation, but also the authentication institution "may not accept the entrustment of the society to engage in judicial authentication business". However, the the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) Law Commission affirmed whether the investigation organs can entrust each other and whether the investigation organs can accept the entrustment of the judicial organs to engage in the judicial expertise business, which opened the door for the expansion of the service scope of the authentication institutions of the investigation organs. In view of this reality, the Central Political and Legal Committee turned to require the management mode of combining the direct management of the subordinate departments with the filing and registration of the judicial administrative department for the appraisal institutions and appraisers belonging to the investigation organs [2]. In judicial practice, some investigation organs authorize their appraisal institutions to conduct appraisal business "externally" to the society, thus breaking through the restriction of "not accepting entrustment to engage in judicial appraisal business for the society" in the Decision, so that the reality has not changed much before the reform, and the reform goal of neutrality of appraisal institutions has basically failed.

  1.2 The judicial organs’ erosion and division of the management right of judicial expertise

  The biggest progress of the Decision lies in the abolition of the appraisal institutions of judicial organs, and the complete realization of the "separation of trial and appraisal" necessary for judicial justice. By cutting off the connection between the judicial organs and the appraisal institutions, the Decision aims to ensure the neutrality of the court and reduce the inevitable doubts of the parties about the appraisal opinions because of the court’s "self-examination and self-examination". However, due to the traditional concept that the appraisal institution has long been an internal institution of the court and the appraiser has long regarded himself as a judge’s assistant, the interest relationship between the judicial organ, the appraisal institution and the appraiser is still broken and even alienated under the influence of the original power inertia. In practice, some local courts are not willing to lose the right to administer judicial expertise. On the basis of the register management of judicial administrative departments, they register and manage the appraisal matters within the "three categories" stipulated in the Decision, and register and manage the appraisal matters beyond the "three categories" that require the Ministry of Justice to consult the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate. This practice of selecting and compiling from the roster compiled by the judicial administrative department or outside the roster leads to the mixed management of the roster registration of authentication institutions by the judicial organs and the judicial administrative department, and the judicial organs actually divide the judicial authentication management power of the judicial administrative departments. Some local courts even went beyond the judicial administrative department to register some authentication institutions, resulting in confusion in the management order of judicial authentication, disorderly operation of judicial authentication institutions and unfair competition in the field of judicial authentication.

  1.3 Social judicial authentication institutions "non-litigation authentication" and "authentication consultation" disorderly operation.

  Before the promulgation of "Decision", the multi-head identification and repeated identification caused by the confusion of judicial expertise system was one of the difficult problems in the reform of judicial expertise. After the reform of the judicial expertise system, although the legislative progress has not been fully realized, compared with before the reform, the judicial expertise management has gradually entered the track of rule of law, science and standardization, which is mainly reflected in the unified management of social judicial expertise institutions by the judicial administrative department and the improvement of the appraisal management order. However, in addition to providing judicial expertise services, social judicial expertise institutions also engage in a large number of "non-litigation expertise" or "expertise consultation". "Non-litigation appraisal" refers to law enforcement appraisal that does not directly aim at litigation, such as arbitration appraisal, technical appraisal of traffic accidents, technical appraisal of disputes between doctors and patients, and technical appraisal involving violations of party discipline and political discipline. The scope of "appraisal consultation" is wide, and there are three main situations: "pre-litigation appraisal", "out-of-litigation appraisal" and "appraisal entity consultation". According to the investigation and analysis of some scholars, "the proportion of improper control of litigation appraisal affects the appraisal order is small, while the proportion of repeated appraisal, multi-head appraisal and disputes over appraisal opinions caused by non-litigation appraisal and appraisal consultation is large." {2} "This shows that the" non-litigation appraisal "or" appraisal consultation "of social judicial appraisal institutions is the main source of the current disorder of appraisal. Therefore, in order to improve the management of social judicial authentication institutions, the judicial authentication management department should focus on standardizing its non-judicial authentication activities of "serving the society". "Non-litigation appraisal" must be accepted according to law,The procedures and results of issuing expert opinions should be distinguished from judicial expertise. "Appraisal consultation" should be cautious, not "ask for advice". "Pre-litigation appraisal" should be strictly implemented in accordance with local regulations or the relevant provisions of the General Rules of Judicial Appraisal Procedure of the Ministry of Justice, and the entrustment of appraisal for unknown purposes and violation of social morality should be rejected; Consultation on appraisal entities should be handled with caution, and irresponsible or controversial advice should not be provided. Legislation on expert consultation should also be followed up, so that judicial expertise management can be based on laws.

  To sum up, the biggest problem facing the current judicial expertise management is that the unified judicial expertise management system established by the Decision has not really formed. At the same time, new problems in the management of judicial expertise, such as how to manage non-judicial expertise in social judicial expertise institutions, lack corresponding legislative norms. Under the background of comprehensively promoting the rule of law and deepening the reform of judicial administration, judicial administrative organs should seize the opportunity to further implement and improve the unified judicial expertise management system, so as to truly improve the judicial expertise order. In addition to further implementing the unified management system of judicial expertise, the following reforms must be carried out.

  1.3.1 Improve the access and management of appraisers.

  Judicial appraiser is the main body to carry out appraisal, and is a natural person who uses specialized knowledge and technical methods to solve specialized problems in litigation activities. Judicial appraisers have the dual attributes of scientific and technical workers and legal workers, and they should have the necessary legal knowledge in addition to the corresponding professional knowledge. In addition, judicial appraisers must have good legal professional ethics and the scientific spirit of seeking truth from facts, which is the premise to ensure the objectivity and fairness of expert opinions. In some appraisals with many subjective factors (such as forensic psychiatric appraisal), the appraiser should also have considerable years of practice experience.

  For a long time in China, there is a lack of uniform professional standards and qualifications for judicial appraisers, and there is a lack of necessary practice assessment methods. The author thinks that we can learn from the appraiser roster system in civil law countries, establish a unified professional qualification system for judicial appraisers, and strive to improve the professionalism and specialization level of judicial appraisers: (1) establish a unified professional qualification system for judicial appraisers that combines professional qualification examination and qualification identification; (2) Organize unified special training for judicial appraisers before taking up their posts and transferring their posts; (3) Establish a unified management system for the practice of judicial appraisers; (4) Improve the supervision system of qualification evaluation; (5) Implementing a unified and lifelong continuing education system; (6) Implement a unified practice inspection and registration system {3}.

  1.3.2 Give full play to the positive role of trade associations.

  Because judicial expertise involves many industries, it is not enough to rely solely on the administrative management of judicial administrative organs, but also to play the role of self-discipline management of trade associations. Judicial expertise industry associations can organize experts to formulate judicial expertise operating rules, technical specifications and standards, judicial expertise institutions’ qualification evaluation standards, and judicial expertise quality and integrity assessment methods, and can also assist judicial administrative organs in supervision and management; Safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of judicial authenticators and judicial authentication institutions; To supervise and inspect the professional ethics and practice discipline of judicial authentication institutions and judicial authenticators, and reward and punish them; Organize members to carry out continuing education and training, and form a mode of combining unified management of judicial administrative organs with self-discipline management of trade associations.

  1.3.3 Improve the practice responsibility system of judicial expertise.

  While improving the practice environment, maintaining the appraisal order and providing the practice guarantee, we should further improve the practice responsibility system. The Decision stipulates two kinds of legal responsibilities: administrative responsibility and criminal responsibility. Some scholars suggest that the provisions on civil liability should be added. When an appraiser makes a wrong appraisal due to intentional or gross negligence, the client may apply for damages, and the appraisal institution and appraiser shall be jointly and severally liable for this.

  2. Improve and standardize the implementation procedures of judicial expertise.

  The Central Political and Legal Work Conference held in January, 2014 put forward the requirement of "improving the unified and authoritative judicial expertise system", indicating that besides the unified judicial expertise management system, it is also necessary to ensure that the results of judicial expertise are authoritative and can effectively guarantee judicial justice. The authority of judicial expertise results depends on the standardization and fairness of the expertise procedure. In view of the fact that judicial expertise is a highly unified activity of science and law, it should be carried out in strict accordance with scientific laws and the relevant provisions of the law, and its procedures can also be divided into two aspects: the implementation procedure of judicial expertise and the litigation procedure of judicial expertise. Therefore, in order to establish an authoritative judicial expertise system, it is necessary to take a two-pronged approach, not only to standardize the implementation procedures of expertise, but also to improve the fair judicial expertise litigation procedures. The author will discuss these two issues in turn in the following.

  In order to further realize the standardization, institutionalization and scientificization of judicial expertise activities, the Ministry of Justice promulgated the newly formulated General Principles of Judicial Expertise Procedure (hereinafter referred to as the General Principles) on August 7, 2007 to replace the General Principles of Judicial Expertise Procedure (for Trial Implementation) issued by the Ministry of Justice on August 31, 2001, which is another important achievement in the reform of judicial expertise system. First of all, the biggest deficiency of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) Decision in 2005 is the lack of provisions related to the implementation procedures of judicial expertise. The promulgation of the General Principles just makes up for the lack of norms in this field. Secondly, the "General Principles" follow the inherent laws of judicial expertise activities, and clearly stipulate the entrustment and acceptance of judicial expertise, the implementation of judicial expertise, the technical standards and specifications that judicial expertise should follow, and the special provisions of judicial expertise procedures in accordance with the workflow of judicial expertise activities {4}. Thirdly, based on the Decision, the General Principles further implemented the responsibility system of judicial appraisers, strengthened the supervision responsibility of judicial appraisal institutions, and standardized the acceptance conditions of re-appraisal, which not only implemented the principles of the Decision, but also partially solved the problems left over by the Decision, and complemented and promoted each other with the Decision, becoming an important legal document for adjusting judicial appraisal activities.

  (1) The General Principles clearly stipulates the obligations of judicial appraisers, thus further implementing the responsibility system of judicial appraisers. Judicial appraisers use science and technology and expertise to independently identify and judge the specialized issues involved in litigation, and are responsible for their own expert opinions, which is the core content of the judicial appraiser responsibility system established in the Decision [3]. The General Principles put this principle into practice through a series of obligations and system designs. For example, it is stipulated that judicial appraisers should abide by the obligations of confidentiality, avoidance, testifying in court and independently issue expert opinions; Consulting relevant experts on complex, difficult and special technical issues, the final expert opinion shall still be issued by the judicial appraiser of this institution; If there are different opinions on the appraisal opinions in the judicial appraisal attended by many people, it shall be indicated, etc.

  (2) The "General Principles" provide a guarantee for improving the quality of identification by strengthening the supervision responsibility of judicial authentication institutions to the judicial appraisers of their own institutions. According to the provisions of the General Principles, judicial authentication institutions have the right to examine and accept the entrustment of authentication according to law; Assign judicial appraisers, and supervise judicial appraisers to abide by legal obligations, professional ethics and practice discipline, technical specifications and appraisal time limit; Supervise the use and storage of judicial authentication materials; Unified collection of judicial expertise fees; To urge judicial appraisers to testify in court according to law and implement the system of withdrawal of appraisers; Organize expert consultation and multi-agency appraisal; Organize review and correct violations. The above provisions enable judicial authentication institutions to play a subjective role in organizing, managing and supervising the authentication activities of judicial authenticators. These regulations further urge judicial appraisers to become the real subject of appraisal, while appraisal institutions gradually retreat to the position of supervision and management. Unlike the Decision, which emphasizes the unified (macro) management of the appraisers by the judicial administrative organs, the General Principles emphasizes the supervision of the appraisers at the micro level, which is not only inconsistent with the Decision, but also a supplement and development to the Decision.

  (3) The General Principles embody the principle of combining administrative management with industry management. In addition to emphasizing the legitimacy of the subject of judicial expertise, the General Principles also require it to abide by professional ethics and practice discipline, which reflects the obvious intention of the General Principles to introduce industry management into the field of judicial expertise [4]. In addition, by affirming the role of industry organizations in formulating industry technical standards and specifications, and giving industry organizations the power to give industry sanctions for violations of industry norms.

  (4) The General Principles have improved the procedural system and related rules of judicial expertise. Taking the entrustment and acceptance of appraisal as an example, the General Rules for Trial Implementation stipulates that when the parties entrust judicial appraisal, it is generally carried out through a law firm, while the General Rules stipulates that the entrustment shall be uniformly accepted by the judicial appraisal institution without the assistance of other intermediaries. Moreover, the General Principles also stipulates the formal requirements and specific procedures for the judicial authentication institutions to accept the entrustment of authentication, lists the cases in which the authentication institutions refuse to accept it, and clarifies the rights and obligations of both the client and the entrusted judicial authentication institutions. In addition, in order to ensure the justice and rationality of the judicial expertise procedure, the General Principles not only makes general provisions on the implementation process of judicial expertise, but also makes special provisions on special circumstances such as physical examination of women or minors, forensic psychiatric expertise or autopsy, and on-site extraction of samples in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. This not only reflects the fairness of the appraisal procedure, but also strengthens the supervision of the client on the appraisal process.

  To sum up, the "General Principles" and the "Decision" echo and complement each other in content, which is not only the concretization of the requirements of the "Decision", but also the expansion on the basis of the "Decision", which is conducive to standardizing the implementation procedures of China’s appraisal and pushing China’s judicial appraisal reform to a new stage. However, it is worth noting that when the General Principles were adopted, the three major procedural laws had not been revised. Now, the General Principles have been implemented for nearly eight years, and the three major procedural laws have been significantly revised and changed. Therefore, the implementation procedure of judicial expertise should also keep pace with the times, and more targeted industry norms and appraisal standards should be issued according to the revised contents of the three major procedural laws.

  3. Improve the just judicial authentication procedure

  In essence, judicial expertise is a scientific cognitive activity to help judicial organs solve some specialized problems in litigation, aiming at supplementing the lack of knowledge of judicial personnel in specialized fields. It has both scientific content and legal requirements, which embodies the high unity of science and law. On the one hand, judicial expertise not only serves litigation activities, but also is an important part of litigation; On the other hand, the expert opinions produced by judicial expertise will be used as evidence in litigation. Therefore, not only the implementation of judicial expertise should comply with scientific laws and legal requirements (such as legal period, etc.), but also the use of expert opinions should be adjusted by procedural rules and evidence rules. Clear and complete procedural provisions are an important guarantee for the formation and application of scientific appraisal opinions, so perfecting fair judicial appraisal litigation procedures is also an important content of judicial appraisal system reform.

  《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》中明确指出,要“推进以审判为中心的诉讼制度改革,确保侦查、审查起诉的案件事实证据经得起法律的检验。全面贯彻证据裁判规则,严格依法收集、固定、保存、审查、运用证据,完善证人、鉴定人出庭制度,保证庭审在查明事实、认定证据、保护诉权、公正裁判中发挥决定性作用。”四中全会决定的上述内容一方面回应了目前证人、鉴定人出庭作证制度实施不理想的现实,另一方面提出“推进以审判为中心的诉讼制度改革”的要求。这说明推进“以审判为中心”是当前诉讼制度改革最迫切的任务,而司法鉴定质证程序的完善是实现这一任务的必然要求。这不仅为司法鉴定诉讼程序的进一步完善提出了更高的要求,而且也是一个难得的机遇。在为实现“以审判为中心”的系统性诉讼制度改革中,司法鉴定质证程序的完善既能够得到助力,也有望为这一体系性改革的成功添砖加瓦。围绕“以审判为中心”这一目标,应从以下几个方面完善司法鉴定的诉讼程序。

  3.1 健全司法鉴定的启动程序

  The initiation of judicial expertise mainly refers to the allocation of entrustment and decision-making power, which is not consistent in various countries. The civil law system adopts the principle of authority, and judges have the final decision on whether judicial expertise is needed or not and the authorization of appraisers. For example, Article 156 of the French Criminal Procedure Law stipulates: "Any pre-trial judge or trial judge may, at the request of the procuratorate, or on his own authority, or at the request of a party, order an appraisal." The requests of both the prosecution and the defense are not necessarily binding on the judge, but "the pre-trial judge shall make a reasoned ruling when he thinks that the requirements for appraisal should not be met". In common law countries, the parties themselves decide whether to choose, when to choose and which experts are beneficial to them to provide expert advice for the jury and judges to consider. Although Article 706 of the United States Federal Rules of Evidence stipulates that the court may appoint any expert witness with the consent of the parties, it may also appoint an expert witness according to its own choice. However, it also stipulates that this rule does not restrict the parties from calling expert witnesses according to their own choices. In judicial practice, expert witnesses, as the main means for the parties to win favorable judgments, are basically summoned according to their own needs. It can be seen that due to the different litigation modes, the two legal system countries have made different provisions on the ownership of judicial expertise. However, in recent years, there has been a trend of mutual absorption and integration in the decision-making power of appraisal in countries all over the world, especially when judges control the initiation of appraisal.The most significant aspect is that both parties enjoy the equal right to request identification [5].

  The initiation of the appraisal is not only related to the protection of the litigant’s litigation rights and the realization of procedural justice, but also determines whether the litigation procedure can achieve the goal of finding the truth with the help of judicial appraisal. In some cases, the initiation of appraisal is directly related to the defendant’s crime and non-crime. It can be said that the allocation of the initiation right of appraisal is the core issue of appraisal procedure in criminal proceedings. At present, the mode of starting the appraisal in China is similar to that in the civil law system, but the main body that plays the role of authority in starting the appraisal procedure includes not only judges, but also investigation organs and procuratorial organs. This mode may lead to the investigation organ and the procuratorial organ initiating the appraisal by themselves, and it is difficult to guarantee the objectivity and neutrality of the appraisal. On the other hand, the initiation of identification by investigation organs and procuratorial organs is also the main reason for "multiple identification" and "repeated identification". In view of this, our country should cancel the power of the investigation organ to initiate the appraisal by itself, and the court should exercise the final decision to initiate the appraisal uniformly. Of course, the realization of this reform depends on the establishment of judicial review mechanism in investigation activities. As mentioned above, the decision of the Fourth Plenary Session to promote the "trial-centered" litigation system reform must include establishing the status of trial neutrality and judicial supremacy in litigation, so the establishment of judicial review mechanism in the whole process of criminal litigation in China is self-evident requirement. The author advocates that we should explore the establishment of judicial review and writ permission system in line with China’s national conditions in the process of promoting the "trial-centered" litigation system reform.At the right time, the decision-making power to examine the appraisal and other investigations involving the restriction or deprivation of citizens’ personal rights, property rights and privacy rights will be uniformly handed over to the judicial organs, and judicial review and writ authorization will be implemented. In the concrete steps, we can learn from Russia’s practice, and gradually transition from restricting the investigation organ’s right to start the appraisal to completely canceling it.

  In addition, in China’s criminal proceedings, the public security organs have the right to initiate the appraisal, while the litigants only have the right to request supplementary appraisal and re-appraisal, which is obviously contrary to the principle of equality between prosecution and defense. At present, China’s trial mode is changing from interrogation to confrontation, and the burden of proof of the parties is increasing, which is in contradiction with the limited start of appraisal. With the increasing burden of proof of the parties, the law should not restrict or deprive the parties of their right to choose their own appraisal, but should allow them to entrust the appraisal because of the need of proof, and allow them to obtain favorable evidence through appraisal activities. This is also an effective way to strengthen the participation ability of both the prosecution and the defense in the appraisal procedure, standardize the judicial appraisal activities and establish the credibility of the judicial appraisal results. As a judicial authentication institution, there is no reason not to provide necessary authentication services in the face of a large number of litigant authentication needs in litigation. Therefore, in order to ensure the participation of the parties and the democracy of the appraisal procedure, both the prosecution and the defense should be given equal rights to apply for entrusted appraisal, and the final decision belongs to the court. At the same time, it is stipulated that as long as the application for appraisal submitted by the parties meets the procedural requirements, the court should approve it, and the prosecution and the defense should not be treated differently or discriminated against.

  3.2 Improve the cross-examination procedure of expert opinions.

  The important contents of "trial-centered" are "trial-centered" and "trial materialization", and the key to realize trial materialization is trial cross-examination. For expert opinions, in order to make the cross-examination procedure substantive, it is necessary to urge the appraisers to testify in court and realize effective cross-examination through expert assistants. Because the expert opinion is the expert’s subjective judgment on specialized issues, on the one hand, the judge lacks sufficient judgment ability for this special evidence, and only by relying on the assistance of the expert can the expert opinion be effectively examined and judged; On the other hand, the expert opinion belongs to verbal evidence, and its inquiry and acceptance can only be effectively carried out when the appraiser appears in court. Therefore, it is a common practice all over the world to ask the appraiser to appear in court to accept questions from both the prosecution and the defense.

  China’s Criminal Procedure Law in 1996 and the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC)’s Decision in 2005 both emphasized the obligation of expert witnesses to testify in court, but it failed to be implemented in practice due to the lack of supporting system guarantee. The Criminal Procedure Law, amended in 2012, first clarified the conditions for the appraiser to testify in court. According to the third paragraph of Article 187, if the public prosecutor, the party concerned or the defender or the agent ad litem have objections to the expert opinion, and the people’s court deems it necessary for the expert to appear in court, the expert shall testify in court. This provision actually reduces the requirements of the appraiser to testify in court and narrows the scope of the obligation of the appraiser to testify in court by clarifying the two conditions of "the prosecution and the defense have objections to the appraisal opinions" and "the people’s court deems it necessary", but it is more realistic and feasible for gradually promoting the system of the appraiser to testify in court.

  In addition, the new "Criminal Procedure Law" also stipulates the legal consequences that an expert should appear in court instead of appearing in court, that is, "the expert opinion shall not be used as the basis for finalizing the case", which is equivalent to establishing the hearsay exclusion rule of expert opinion. In order to make the trial cross-examination procedure after the expert appears in court substantive, the new Criminal Procedure Law also introduces the expert assistant system. As both the prosecution and the defense are non-professionals, it is difficult to ask questions to the point about the highly professional expert opinions. Therefore, it is very necessary to attract other experts to assist in the cross-examination of expert opinions. Article 192 of the new Criminal Procedure Law stipulates: "During the court hearing, the public prosecutor, the parties, the defenders and the agents ad litem may apply to the court to notify people with specialized knowledge to appear in court and give their opinions on the expert opinions made by the appraisers. The court shall make a decision on whether to approve the above application. " Giving both the prosecution and the defense the right to apply for expert assistants to assist in cross-examination of expert opinions in court is helpful to the materialization of the cross-examination procedure of expert opinions and can help the court to effectively examine and judge the probative value of relevant expert opinions. Especially in cases with multiple expert opinions, the participation of expert assistants is particularly important to help judges decide which expert opinion to take as the basis for final decision. Not only that, the introduction of expert assistants also helps to exercise the right of defense. Due to the unbalanced distribution of the right to start the appraisal, judicial appraisal is mostly initiated by the public security and judicial organs according to their functions and powers. The defense is often skeptical about the appraisal opinions entrusted by the public authorities, but it is unable to effectively cross-examine the appraisal opinions.The introduction of expert assistants just fills the gap of the defense’s cross-examination ability and enables the defense to better exercise its right of defense. The introduction of expert assistants will also help to eliminate the doubts of the parties about the expert opinions, settle the disputes in time, and avoid unnecessary repeated appraisal and the "expert dispute" caused by it.

  3.3 Improve the re-appraisal procedures.

  From a scientific point of view, there is only one correct appraisal opinion. The emergence of different appraisal opinions in the same case can only show that the subjective and objective aspects of appraisal have deviated. Re-appraisal is undoubtedly the only way to test and correct the wrong appraisal opinions and draw a correct conclusion. Therefore, the appraisal systems in various countries stipulate the right to re-appraisal without exception. One of the main problems in the practice of judicial expertise in China, that is, the unrestricted exercise of the right to apply for re-appraisal, leads to repeated appraisal of the same problem, and the contradiction between expert opinions is not only unavoidable, but also increasingly complicated. This problem of multi-head appraisal and repeated appraisal has seriously affected the objectivity, scientificity and authority of judicial appraisal, affected judicial justice to a certain extent, and wasted considerable judicial resources.

  There are many reasons for multi-head identification and repeated identification, including the reasons of judicial organs, the identification problem itself, the level of appraisers and appraisal institutions, and the disharmony of the interests of the parties. Therefore, the problem of multi-head appraisal and repeated appraisal is not only the adjustment of appraisal management regulations, but also the adjustment object of procedural law.

  Re-appraisal is to doubt the previous appraisal opinions, or several appraisers have differences on the appraisal opinions, and the original appraisal items need to be re-appraised. Therefore, the re-appraisal must generally be undertaken by an appraisal institution with higher level, better testing equipment and stronger technical force. In this regard, Article 14 of the "Interim Provisions on Judicial Appraisal of People’s Courts" issued by the Supreme People’s Court in 2001 stipulates that if one of the following circumstances requires re-appraisal, the people’s court shall entrust the judicial appraisal institution of the higher court to re-appraise [6]: (1) The appraiser does not have the relevant appraisal qualifications; (2) The appraisal procedure does not conform to the law; (3) The appraisal conclusion is in contradiction with other evidence; (four) the identification materials are false, or the original identification method is defective; (five) the appraiser should avoid not avoiding, but has different opinions on his appraisal conclusion; (six) the same case has multiple different expert conclusions; (seven) there is evidence that there are factors that affect the accurate identification of the appraiser.

  However, the Interim Provisions on Judicial Appraisal of People’s Courts only solves the problem of the ownership of re-appraisal, and there will still be problems of the effectiveness of different appraisal opinions in judicial practice. To this end, the General Principles designed a series of solutions to the problems of multi-head appraisal, repeated appraisal and long-term indecision in practice. First of all, the "General Principles" requires appraisal institutions to accept the entrustment of re-appraisal, and at the same time stipulates stricter conditions for re-appraisal, so as to ensure that the start of re-appraisal follows uniform and strict standards and avoid arbitrariness and ease in the start of re-appraisal. Secondly, the "General Principles" stipulates a number of systems to ensure the quality of appraisal, such as appointing or selecting two or more appraisers to jointly appraise, consulting relevant experts outside the institution in case of particularly complicated, difficult and special technical problems, and appointing a special person to supervise and review the appraisal process after the appraisal, and so on. These measures are conducive to increasing the acceptability of appraisal opinions, thus eliminating the root causes of re-appraisal. Thirdly, the "General Principles" revised and reiterated the time limit system for appraisal, which not only made the time limit for appraisal better meet the needs of litigation, but also clarified the conditions for extending the time limit, which was helpful to solve the chronic disease of long-standing appraisal to some extent. Finally, strictly observing and adopting uniform technical standards and specifications is an important guarantee for scientific and accurate appraisal opinions, and it is also one of the important measures to solve the problem of multi-head appraisal and repeated appraisal. Based on the current situation of formulating technical standards and specifications in the field of judicial expertise in China and according to industry practices,It stipulates the hierarchical structure and sequence of technical standards and specifications that judicial appraisers should abide by and adopt when conducting appraisal, which to some extent reduces the inconsistency of appraisal results and the resulting problem of repeated appraisal.

  The author thinks that in order to solve the problem of repeated identification, we must also establish a hierarchical system of judicial identification in the litigation legal system, limit the number of identification and standardize the re-identification procedure. First, establish a hierarchical system of judicial expertise to limit the number of re-appraisals. It can be considered that the level of judicial expertise in China is divided into two levels and the number of appraisals is limited to two. The reason why it is limited to two times is mainly to ensure that both parties to the lawsuit have the right to apply for appraisal once. The first level is the first appraisal procedure, that is, the appraisal conducted by an appraiser with appraisal qualifications. The second level is the review and appraisal procedure. Taking criminal appraisal as an example, the review and appraisal expert committee composed of the chief physician, professor of forensic medicine and senior forensic experts specializing in practice in hospitals above the provincial level can conduct the review and appraisal. Generally speaking, the prosecution exercises the right of first appraisal and decides whether to file a complaint according to the opinion of first appraisal. In order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the defendant, if the defense objection is established, it may apply for review and appraisal. Secondly, establish the supervision procedure of recheck appraisal, and correct the wrong recheck appraisal when necessary. It should be clear that the re-appraisal opinion does not invalidate the appraisal opinion of the first appraisal, and which appraisal opinion is more scientific and probative should be determined by the judge through examination and judgment. If the judge decides that the reexamination appraisal is inadmissible, one party to the lawsuit may apply to start the supervision procedure of reexamination appraisal. The review and appraisal expert committee that made the original decision shall select experts to form a supervision and appraisal expert committee for re-appraisal. Experts participating in the re-examination and appraisal shall not be used as appraisers again according to the principle of avoidance.However, you can attend the appraisal at the request of the re-appraisers and explain the reasons for the re-examination of the appraisal.

  3.4 Strengthen the protection of the rights of judicial appraisers

  The Criminal Procedure Law, amended in 2012, strengthened the protection of appraisers’ right to participate in litigation, mainly by including appraisers in the scope of personal protection. One of the reasons why appraisers are unwilling to testify in court in judicial practice is that they are afraid of retaliation for testifying in court. In criminal cases, the identification matters are often directly related to the criminal responsibility of criminal suspects and defendants. In reality, the parties have threatened or even retaliated against the appraisers, so the appraisers are often worried about testifying in court. Strengthening the personal protection of appraisers is very important for prompting appraisers to testify in court. According to Article 62 of the Criminal Procedure Law, in cases of crimes endangering national security, terrorist activities, organized crimes of underworld nature, drug crimes, etc., if the personal safety of witnesses, experts and victims or their close relatives is in danger because of testifying in the proceedings, the people’s courts, people’s procuratorates and public security organs shall take one or more of the following protective measures … The second paragraph of the same article also gives the experts the right to request personal protection in other cases, which is the first step. The third paragraph also stipulates the cooperation obligations of the relevant units and individuals in the protection of the personal rights of witnesses and experts, so that the personal protection of witnesses and experts may be implemented.

  However, the Criminal Procedure Law only stipulates the economic compensation for ordinary witnesses to testify in court, but does not include the appraiser in the scope of compensation. As an expert witness, an expert witness should enjoy the same rights as an ordinary witness, so we should refer to the economic compensation system for ordinary witnesses to testify in court and give the expert the right of economic compensation.

  In addition, the Criminal Procedure Law does not clearly stipulate what litigation rights the appraiser enjoys during the pre-trial appraisal. Looking at the legislation and practice of various countries, in order to ensure the successful completion of the appraisal task, the appraiser should also enjoy the following rights in the process of carrying out the appraisal: (1) The right to refuse the appraisal. When the questions raised by the judicial organs are beyond the scope of the appraiser’s knowledge or the materials provided by the judicial organs are insufficient to make an appraisal opinion, the appraiser should have the right to refuse the appraisal. (2) the right to know. The appraiser has the right to know the case materials about the appraisal object and request supplementary materials necessary for the appraisal opinion. (3) the right to conduct investigation and inspection under the guidance of the court. When the relevant information provided by the entrusting organ is incomplete, the appraiser shall have the right to carry out certain investigation activities under the organization of the court, including interrogating the criminal suspect, defendant, victim or witness, in order to obtain the necessary information needed for the appraisal.

  [Notes and References]

  [1] See the provisions of Article 4 of the Opinions of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) Law Commission to the Ministry of Justice on whether the access management of judicial authentication institutions and appraisers can be implemented before the implementation of the decision on the management of judicial authentication (Letter No.52 [2005] of the Law Commission).

  [2] See the Opinions of the Political and Legal Committee of the CPC Central Committee on Further Improving the Judicial Appraisal Management System and Selecting National Judicial Appraisal Institutions (Political and Legal [2008] No.2).

  [3] See Article 10 of the Decision: "Judicial expertise shall be subject to the appraiser’s responsibility system. The appraiser shall conduct the appraisal independently, be responsible for the appraisal opinions and sign or seal the appraisal book. If many people participate in the appraisal and have different opinions on the appraisal opinions, it shall be indicated. "

  [4] See Article 3 of the General Principles: "Judicial authentication institutions and judicial appraisers shall abide by laws, regulations and rules, abide by professional ethics and discipline, respect science and abide by technical operation norms."

  [5] The major reform of the appraisal system in the new Criminal Procedure Code promulgated by Russia on December 18th, 2001 is a typical example. On the premise of strictly limiting the investigator’s right to start the appraisal and handing it over to the court, it gives the defense an equal right to claim the appraisal.

  [6] After the "Decision" was issued in 2005, there was no so-called "judicial authentication institution of Shanghai court".

  {1} Criminal Law Office of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) Law Committee. the NPC Standing Committee’s decision on the management of judicial expertise [M]. Beijing: Law Press, 2005:21-22.

  (2) Zou Mingli. Study on the management measures of deepening the "three-oriented" judicial expertise [J]. China Justice, 2012,(4):95-99.

  {3} Huo Xiandan, Thoughts on Further Perfecting the Judicial Appraisal System [J]. Judicial Appraisal in China, 2014,(1):16-20.

  {4} Interpretation of "General Rules of Judicial Appraisal Procedure" by the heads of relevant departments of the Ministry of Justice [n]. Legal Daily, 2007-08-13.

How much is Maserati?

Take the CEO model as an example, the starting price is about 1,417,500 RMB, and the specific price will fluctuate according to the configuration and market preferences. Buying a Maserati is not only the pursuit of luxury, but also a commitment to quality life.

In addition to the price, the cost of owning a Maserati also includes insurance. For example, the annual insurance cost of the president series may be between 28,000 and 41,000 RMB, depending on the vehicle model and the type of insurance selected. In terms of maintenance, such as Maserati GTSport, the minor maintenance is about 3,000 yuan, and the major maintenance is over 1000 yuan. Together with the daily expenses such as fuel, beauty and car wash, it is estimated that the annual cost can reach about 100,000 yuan.

When choosing Maserati, price, performance, brand influence and after-sales service are all important factors. Although Maserati once had close ties with Ferrari and Fiat Group, it is now directly affiliated to Fiat Chrysler Group. As a representative of luxury cars in Italy, Maserati pays attention to the integration of design aesthetics and craft quality, as well as the unremitting pursuit of driving pleasure.

If you are interested in Maserati’s family history, you know that the name comes from Italian railway worker Rudolf Maserati of Carolina and his seven children. Their innovative spirit and love for speed gave birth to this legendary brand. From the founder Alfieri Maserati to the present, the brand has experienced a glorious journey, constantly introducing amazing models to satisfy customers’ desire for luxury and speed.

总裁

Of course, each brand has its advantages and disadvantages. For example, compared with Porsche, Maserati may have advantages in some aspects, such as exterior design and luxury interior, but Porsche may be superior in quality control and handling performance. When buying a car, consumers need to make the most appropriate decision according to their own needs and preferences, as well as the budget.

Heavy | China Property Management Industry COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention Guide (Commercial Property Edition) Version 1.0 was officially released!

  Joint Declaration Property enterprises, as the front-line guarantee units for the efficient operation of the city, quickly threw themselves into the prevention and control work after the outbreak, set up headquarters and regional epidemic prevention teams in succession, actively assumed social responsibilities and implemented relevant national epidemic prevention policies. Jiahe Jiaye Property Service Research Institute, as a professional leader in the property industry, fully affirmed the important role of the property industry in this epidemic prevention battle. At the beginning of the epidemic, it put forward the prevention and control principle of "the first line of treatment is in medical treatment, and the first line of epidemic prevention is in the property".


  On February 6th, Jiahe Household collected and summarized the epidemic prevention experience of 16 top 100 property enterprises, and launched the Epidemic Prevention Guide for Residential Property Version 1.0 (click the blue font to see the details). After the guide was issued, we successively received epidemic prevention solicitation letters from many property enterprises. Through continuous iteration and summarization, up to today, we have combined the excellent epidemic prevention experience of 33 top 100 property companies, jointly established a research group on special service topics of property management industry, and summarized and launched a more comprehensive and perfect "COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention Guide for China Property Management Industry (Commercial Property) Version 1.0".


  At present, the member units of the research group have accumulated a management area of over 2.5 billion square meters, covering 31 provinces, nearly 400 cities and counties and over 50 million owners, and can sum up representative industry standards.


  Recently, enterprises will resume work in full swing. In order to help property enterprises to carry out epidemic prevention in office buildings, industrial parks, hotels and other commercial offices in various cities smoothly, ensure the normal operation of enterprises, and also sum up their experience in epidemic prevention in commercial offices in the future, Jiahe Family Industry has jointly established a joint prevention and control mechanism for commercial property epidemics with a number of outstanding commercial property enterprises in the industry.


  The establishment of the joint prevention and control mechanism aims to quickly respond, coordinate linkage, and combine excellent practical cases and valuable experience of enterprises to write and launch a set of standardized and refined guidelines for epidemic prevention of commercial properties to fight the epidemic. In the future, we will continue to introduce the research system, service standards and excellent service experience of the property industry to the industry.


  This "China Property Management Industry novel coronavirus Epidemic Prevention Guide (Commercial Property Edition) Version 1.0" focuses on effectively preventing the epidemic from spreading in commercial projects, and extracts 20 detailed rules and 62 measures from 7 dimensions, and shares the characteristic commercial epidemic prevention cases of excellent property enterprises.


  Research Group on Special Service of Property Management Industry (to be established)


  February 24, 2020



  China Property Management Industry COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention Guide (Commercial Property Edition) Version 1.0.


  First, the property organization and management criteria


  1. Set up a commercial epidemic prevention special team (1) Set up a commercial epidemic prevention team led by the corporate headquarters to make unified arrangements for epidemic prevention work; (2) On the basis of the previous work, through combing and induction, a Handbook on Epidemic Prevention for Commercial Offices, industrial parks and other commercial offices is refined.


  (3) All commercial projects are revised and improved according to their own project characteristics and the latest requirements of the local government, so as to fully implement the normative, scientific and effective prevention and control measures.


  2. Establish close contact with the resident units.


  (1) Inform the resident unit of the current work and preparations made by the property management company, as well as the matters needing attention and suggestions on epidemic prevention measures of the resident unit, and remind them to work in isolation and peak shift; (2) Send a survey form to the docking person of the stationed unit, count the time of returning to work of the stationed unit and the situation of Hubei employees, and ask the personnel from Hubei area or who have contacted Hubei (including those who will be employed after the year) to isolate themselves for 14 days, and only after the observation period is confirmed to be asymptomatic can they enter the building for work;


  (3) Keep real-time communication with the resident units, and report any abnormality immediately.


  3. Implement relevant policies of local government.


  (1) Assign special personnel to communicate with the local government departments, receive, publicize and execute the epidemic prevention documents issued by the government departments, and ensure that the health and epidemic prevention, market supervision and housing construction departments in the jurisdiction should achieve joint prevention and control, and ensure that all prevention and control measures are implemented; (2) Strengthen the information submission, and each property service enterprise shall report the epidemic prevention and control work within 24 hours before 12:00 noon every day to the resident unit and the community (town office);


  (3) Those who fail to perform their duties in the epidemic prevention and control work and cause epidemic harm will be investigated for responsibility according to law.


  Second, the staff management guidelines


  1. Internal training of employees (1) Property companies set up special epidemic prevention teams to conduct unified epidemic prevention training for employees, explaining in detail the knowledge of epidemic prevention and control, the basic knowledge of disinfection and disinfection, and the correct configuration of disinfectant;


  (2) Training and management of outsourced units (cleaning personnel).


  2. Employee health management


  (1) All employees shall be quarantined for 14 days before returning to work; (2) After employees take up their posts, they shall adhere to the system of submitting daily health information to employees, and require all employees of the company to report their health status twice before going to work and before leaving work every day;


  (3) Establish a ledger to ensure that epidemic prevention services are safer and better.


  Three, personnel in and out of the management criteria


  1. Entrance and exit of the building (1) The property management company arranges special personnel to check the wearing of masks for all people entering and leaving the building. The wearing of masks must be in accordance with the norms and safety, and those who do not cooperate are not allowed to enter the building; (2) All personnel entering and leaving the building must complete the temperature test at the entrance and cooperate with the building staff to sign the Personal Health Commitment and Epidemic Prevention Book. Only after passing the temperature test and signing the letter of commitment can they enter the building;


  (3) Assign special personnel to guide the personnel entering and leaving the building, so as to reduce the waiting time of the personnel in line, which not only ensures the effective control of the personnel entering and leaving the building, but also does not affect the personnel entering the building.


  2. Parking lot


  (1) Arrange a special person at the entrance of the parking lot to strictly control and monitor the body temperature of all the people entering the garage; (2) The white list issued by those with normal body temperature shall be recorded and kept, and no entry conditions shall be allowed;


  (3) The fresh air in the underground parking lot shall last no less than 4 hours a day, and the vehicle parking area and main roads shall be disinfected no less than 2 times a day.


  3. High exposure population


  While prohibiting high-exposure people such as express delivery and take-out from entering the building, it is necessary to ensure that these items can reach customers safely and on time. (1) For express delivery, express delivery pick-up points can be set up in specific areas of the building, and the temperature of the courier can be detected and the express delivery disinfected to eliminate hidden dangers;


  (2) For take-out, set up take-out and take-out points, and prohibit take-out and take-out personnel from entering the building, so as to reduce the risks brought by outsiders.


  IV. Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Public Areas


  1. Elevator (1) Restrict the passenger flow in the external area of the elevator, guide the owners of low floors to choose the stairs as far as possible, and try to avoid taking the elevator; (2) Reduce the density of people in the elevator hall and the number of people taking the elevator; (3) Cover the elevator button with plastic wrap and change it every hour; (4) In order to avoid cross-infection, the elevator car shall be disinfected once every hour, and the ratio concentration of disinfectant shall be increased;


  (5) Put paper towels in the elevator car for people coming and going.


  2. Central air conditioning system


  (1) During the epidemic period, in order to avoid air cross-contamination, the return air valve of the floor air-conditioning treatment unit was closed, and the fresh air valve was fully opened, so that the system was turned into a new air mode; (2) Disinfect the air conditioning unit every week; (3) Open fresh air from 8: 00 to 18: 00 every day to ensure indoor air circulation;


  (4) Give priority to natural wind ventilation to ensure smooth indoor air.


  3. Office area


  (1) Customize disinfection of the office area of the resident unit, and advocate regular ventilation in the office area; (2) When customers use the meeting for too long, remind them to open the window for ventilation once, and the time is not less than 5 minutes; (3) When no one uses the conference room, ventilate the doors/windows; (4) Ventilation for 2-3 times a day, each time for not less than half an hour;


  (5) All control panels in the conference room shall be disinfected and covered with film, and the remote control equipment shall be covered with film and replaced every 2 hours;


  4. Bathroom


  (1) carry out high-frequency disinfection on the bathroom and strengthen ventilation; (2) Focus on the protection of hand contacts such as door handles and faucets, and increase the frequency of cleaning; (3) Adding antibacterial hand gel; (4) The exhaust fan in the toilet is always open;


  (5) At the same time, increase the disinfection frequency depending on the number of users.


  5. Functional area of the building


  (1) The rest tables and chairs in the smoking area should be evacuated to avoid employees staying or gathering; (2) Stop using the visitor plane in the lobby to avoid infection brought in by outsiders;


  (3) The maternity room and gym are suspended;


  6. Building Restaurant


  (1) Strengthen the health supervision of the staff of the catering company in the building, require the staff of the catering company to monitor their body temperature twice a day, and report to the property management company, and monitor the body temperature of the staff who enter the restaurant to take meals to ensure the safety and health of customers; (2) Dining staff in the building should adopt a separate dining system, and the staff should be equipped with separate tableware, and it is forbidden to gather and eat face to face;


  (3) The temperature in the center of the meal is not lower than 75 degrees Celsius. All raw and cold meals should be suspended, and take-away food should be used instead of in-class food. Bring your own lunch box and have a healthy meal.


  Five, prevention and control information publicity guidelines


  1, offline publicity (1) set up "epidemic prevention and control" related signs indoors and outdoors; (2) Make publicity and guidance in conspicuous positions such as bulletin boards and elevator entrances of the building to enhance the protection awareness of merchants and employees; (3) Follow up the latest epidemic prevention measures and precautions in time on the LED display screen in the lobby and elevator entrance of the building;


  (4) Remind the staff on each floor to do a good job in epidemic prevention, and guide all members of the building, Qi Xin, to work together to fight the epidemic.


  2. Online publicity


  (1) The property management enterprise arranges a special person to write a professional rework protection guide and push it through the enterprise official micro;


  (2) For office epidemic prevention knowledge, employees can publicize it on various online platforms such as circle of friends and business households.


  Six, epidemic prevention materials control guidelines


  1. Material purchase: through various channels, accelerate the purchase of medical masks, alcohol, disinfectant, temperature measuring gun and other prevention and control materials, among which masks should have a certain amount of reserves to ensure timely distribution; 2. Material purchase


  Strictly control the warehousing and warehousing management of epidemic materials, especially hazardous materials;


  3, material distribution


  Set up 1F entrance mask collection point, and provide special personnel to provide employees with mask collection and correct use guidance services on site every day.


  Seven, other special epidemic prevention guidelines


  1. Set up an isolation room (1) Set up a special isolation room in the building, and arrange for employees who have abnormal body temperature to enter the isolation room for a temporary rest;


  (2) Arrange professional medical personnel to make further examination for those with abnormal body temperature.


  2. Exclusive classification of discarded masks


  (1) Set up a special trash can for recycling discarded masks on the periphery of the building to standardize the delivery of discarded masks; (2) Waste masks and other epidemic prevention articles are packaged separately and disinfected; (3) The garbage is treated by a closed extrusion garbage truck to reduce the spread of viruses;


  (4) Increase the daily disinfection frequency of trash cans and cleaning rooms.


  3. Provide errand service


  In order to avoid the risk of virus spread caused by people gathering, employees of property companies can provide errands for customers. For example, the online ordering function is opened, and the daily menu is provided, which is delivered by specialized personnel.


  Case sharing of epidemic prevention in characteristic commercial offices


  I. Excellent Property


  In order to ensure the normal and safe development of economic production order during the epidemic period, excellent property policy and scientific epidemic prevention, comprehensive prevention and control measures for returning to work were deployed in many office buildings across the country.


  1, in and out of the gate and elevator high frequency disinfection:


  The elevators are additionally provided with button covering film and elevator button special paper, and each elevator is disinfected with medical alcohol and the disinfection/replacement frequency is increased from 2 hours to 1 hour; At the same time, the exhaust facilities in the elevator are always open, increasing the number of air changes.



  2. Set up temporary isolation room for epidemic detection and community linkage mechanism:


  Set up a temporary isolation point in the peripheral area of the office building to isolate those who have exceeded the standard in body temperature detection and have symptoms such as cough and chest tightness, and inform the medical staff to take them away, while keeping the high-frequency area disinfected.



  3, fully open online communication, information check at any time.


  You can check the emergency announcements of office buildings during the epidemic by downloading and identifying the excellent O+APP/ applet, and you can communicate online in the property services module at any time. For partners who need property services during the epidemic, you can learn about the relevant service contents and the application methods of the contents in the O+ property services section and download the required application materials in advance.



  4, peace of mind package, safe delivery


  During the epidemic, Premier Property and Premier Commerce launched the "Peace of Mind Package" office delivery service. The property will be delivered by a dedicated person under overall management, and the exclusive channel for epidemic prevention and control will be delivered safely, effectively reducing the contact of unconventional personnel, reducing the risk of personnel contacting and spreading the epidemic, and ensuring office safety.



  5. Set up express-take-away transfer station.


  During the epidemic period, in order to reduce the contact frequency, the courier/takeaway personnel will deliver the goods to the courier cabinet or the designated area, and the excellent building distribution staff will uniformly control the goods and kill and protect the transfer station.



  6, artificial+thermal imaging thermometer double guarantee


  In order to identify the fever more conveniently and effectively, in the excellent and dense office building, a thermal imaging thermometer is used at the same time of manual temperature measurement, and a special person is assigned to monitor the temperature measurement of personnel in real time.



  7, enterprise restaurant epidemic control


  For corporate customers, there are staff restaurants. In terms of restaurant epidemic control, Zhuoyue Property has also formulated and launched a series of services for employees to eat with confidence. Including daily inspection of restaurants; Adjust the spacing and orientation of tables and chairs in the dining room to keep one-way dining; Assist corporate customers to customize the dining demand statistics, summarize the daily demand and package the catering suppliers in advance, so that employees can take the post-meal card to eat, and configure lunch box recycling points on each floor for unified disinfection.



  Second, the new hope service


  1, the establishment of epidemic prevention organizations, the full implementation of various measures.


  The new hope service set up a three-level epidemic prevention organization at the first time, and the group-region-project was in a state of emergency epidemic prevention; Actively respond to the "first-level response" of public health and safety initiated by international and local governments, and strictly implement the national "Safety Production Law" and the enterprise project safety production management system (EHS management); For the temperature detection of customers and employees of commercial enterprises, their own employees, outsourced employees and foreigners, all personnel are required to wear masks, strengthen the management measures of entrances and exits, and implement temperature detection and real-name registration; Most employees cancel their vacations and have been fighting in the front line; Establish an emergency liaison organization for commercial and enterprise projects and implement "one daily report"; Start the inventory and reserve of epidemic prevention materials; Follow up and respond to the epidemic prevention information published by the health department, hospital and street office of the country and the city.



  2, the implementation of internet plus wisdom.


  Business buildings are often crowded with people, and most of them have migrated during the epidemic period. In order to ensure the health and safety of all enterprises and employees, New Hope Service cooperated with supplier partners to urgently develop and complete the access management system of "internet plus Smart Pass" in five days, and collected the necessary information on epidemic prevention for all the people entering and leaving, and checked and verified their health status and contact history in advance.



  3, garage automatic spraying disinfection, pedestrian disinfection blanket


  Auto-spraying disinfection is installed in the garage, and the wheel parts are disinfected centrally for safety and epidemic prevention; Pedestrians are provided with disinfection blankets and a 1-meter equidistant safe queuing area, so that customers can "be farther away and feel more at ease".



  4. Elevator Jiugongge


  Advocate low-floor customers to exercise and climb stairs; High-rise customers take the elevator in nine squares.



  5, cloud disinfection


  "Disinfection in the Cloud" The new service products developed during the epidemic period have stimulated small and micro enterprises to meet the epidemic prevention needs of owners and customers, while developing their own business, they have reduced the impact of the epidemic on the survival and development of small and micro enterprises.



  6, box meal distribution


  After the enterprise returns to work, it provides lunch box distribution for customers in the park/office building; The whole process of lunch box from production to distribution is ultraviolet disinfection, so that customers can rest assured of their office and life.



  7. Joint epidemic prevention


  New Hope Service creates a safe working environment for customers, not only for one customer, but also for the health of all enterprises and employees. We especially appeal to all enterprises to work together with New Hope Service to build an epidemic response plan and strengthen epidemic prevention from four dimensions: environment, personnel, materials and system.



  III. Poly Commercial Property


  Under the guidance of Poly Property Headquarters, Poly Commercial Property quickly compiled a number of special guiding documents, which not only created a set of "2358" office building epidemic prevention practical guidelines for hard-core epidemic prevention, but also formed a number of characteristic business-run epidemic prevention measures to prepare for the epidemic prevention for the majority of businesses to return to work.


  1, the addition of "epidemic prevention gas station":


  Starting from the details, an "epidemic prevention gas station" was added in the lobby of each project, equipped with disposable disinfection supplies to provide disinfection convenience for the majority of businesses.



  2, thermal imaging infrared temperature measurement:


  Projects such as Tianmu Square, International Plaza and Poly Clovis are equipped with thermal imaging temperature measuring equipment for temperature measurement, which can efficiently, quickly and safely measure the temperature of personnel, speed up the entry of businesses and avoid crowd gathering.



  3. Special trash can for non-connected induction discarded masks:


  Set up a non-contact intelligent induction trash can, and set up professional cleaning personnel to clean and disinfect it regularly, and then uniformly remove it from the street to reduce secondary pollution and infection caused by contact with pollutants when discarded.



  4. Stick a nine-square grid on the elevator, a floor sticker indicating the queuing interval at the entrance and exit of the lobby, and a sole disinfection pool.




  5, set up a takeaway pick-up point:


  Staff canteens in office buildings shall formulate access guidelines, control the flow of people, replace in-class meals with takeout, and encourage bringing their own lunch boxes for healthy dining.



  6, bottom business management:


  Strengthen the patrol of shops and ask shops to do well in epidemic prevention work such as temperature measurement, disinfection and wearing masks; During the epidemic, convenience stores and restaurants were suspended.



  IV. Zhongzhou Property


  At present, it is at the peak of enterprises’ resumption of work and production, and it is also the key node to promote the anti-epidemic work of commercial properties. Zhongzhou Property has strengthened prevention and control measures to fully support office customers to return to work safely and efficiently.


  1, staff epidemic prevention training and pre-job self-examination, security to protect customers in order to protect customers more safely, all projects strengthen the protection and logistics support of on-the-job front-line employees to ensure adequate supply of materials; Conduct employee self-examination before taking up the post to enhance the awareness of prevention; Grasp the dynamic whereabouts of employees who have not returned to work, and return to work only after compulsory isolation.



  ▲ In the case of national material shortage, each project mobilized all forces to reserve sufficient protective materials, and distributed protective gloves and masks to front-line employees every day to reassure employees and customers.



  ▲ Conduct daily knowledge training on epidemic prevention and control, so that everyone can understand and pay attention to the epidemic, so as to prevent the virus more effectively and scientifically; Front-line personnel self-test their body temperature before work every day, record the data, monitor in real time, and punch cards online for employees who have not returned to work every day.


  2. Group prevention and control of the epidemic situation, and coordination of enterprises to return to work and fight the epidemic situation requires group prevention and control. At this time, the propaganda and prevention of the epidemic situation is particularly important. In the lobby of each office building project, various announcements such as warm tips on epidemic prevention, company epidemic prevention documents, epidemic prevention and control guidelines, etc. are placed, and important tips such as wearing masks and taking temperature when returning to work are broadcast on the electronic screen. At the same time, do our best to coordinate the resumption of work and production.



  ▲ Before the resumption of work, the property managers of each project repeatedly issued the notice of resumption of work in the customer base, actively assisted the enterprise to apply for resumption of work, kept in touch with customers at all times, and solved problems for customers online; And for the enterprises that have resumed work, disinfection and disinfection will be carried out to remind them to work in isolation and off-peak, and the property service center will do its utmost to help enterprises resume work safely.


  3. Control personnel in and out, and build a security line to prevent the epidemic. SCC, Zhongzhou Building, Yiluan Building, Zhongjing Building, Quark Space and other projects will reduce the number of people/vehicles in and out, and set up epidemic monitoring points. If there is any abnormality, it will be reported in time. If there are external personnel working, health monitoring and registration are required; Customers and vehicles returning from outside the province are strictly registered, focusing on customers returning from Hubei. If there are fever cases, report them to the community for registration and testing in time.



  ▲ Set up temperature detection zone and temporary isolation zone, and strictly control the import and export of personnel and vehicles: set up temperature detection zone and temporary isolation zone at the entrance of the lobby for each project to detect everyone entering and leaving the building, and some projects use thermal imaging thermometers.



  ▲ Set up take-away and express transfer stations, lunch box recycling stations and special garbage bins for "discarded masks": In order to reduce personal contact, set up take-away and express transfer stations for each project for unified management and unified receiving and dispatching. At the same time, set up a lunch box recycling bin and a special garbage bin for "discarded lunch boxes" to separate the "discarded masks" from other garbage, and the property management personnel will disinfect them regularly.


  4, scientific epidemic prevention, comprehensive disinfection office lobby public areas, elevators inside and outside, floor toilets, public central air conditioning and parking lot high-frequency disinfection, return to work project will adopt positive pressure air supply mode of central air conditioning, and open some curtain wall windows of the building to form ventilation convection, so as to ensure the safe supply of building ventilation and central air conditioning.



  ▲ High-frequency disinfection of public areas in the lobby, inside and outside elevators, floor toilets and parking lots of central air conditioners in public areas: property cleaning personnel disinfect public parts such as lobby, front desk, access gate, credit card reader and door handle every half hour; All lobby front desk, elevator hall, elevator and other dense places provide disposable disinfectant and disposable key paper for customers to access; Thoroughly and deeply clean and disinfect the bathroom sanitary ware at least twice a week; Disinfect and sterilize trash cans and garbage transfer stations in public areas at least twice a day without dead ends.



  ▲ Safeguard measures for central air-conditioning disinfection in public areas: the frequency of spraying disinfection at the outlet of central air-conditioning is increased to 4 times a day, so as to ensure that fresh air can be taken directly from the outside and there is no pollution source around, so as to keep the building fresh and meet the normal office needs; Each project focuses on cleaning, disinfection and disinfection of underground parking lots, garbage stations, greening around the project and all corners.


  ▲ Thoroughly disinfect important locations such as parking lots: each project focuses on cleaning, disinfection and disinfection of underground parking lots, garbage stations, greening around the project and all corners.


  Extraordinary times, very protective. Zhongzhou Property declared war on the epidemic situation in COVID-19 with stricter control measures, more frequent environmental disinfection, more appropriate property management services and more efficient epidemic prevention actions, and took practical actions to protect businesses and defend their homes.


  V. South China City Commercial Management


  1, the introduction of special prevention and control guidelines, to adopt the "special rotation+party member Xianfeng Gang" model.


  In order to help business owners in the park to improve their correct treatment of the epidemic, South China City Commercial Management issued the South China City Commercial Management Prevention novel coronavirus Epidemic Plan and the South China City Commercial Management novel coronavirus Epidemic Prevention and Control Operation Guide, so that every employee can understand the epidemic prevention and control and health knowledge, and carry out the epidemic prevention and control work correctly and effectively. In the publicity of prevention and control, the commercial management of South China City adopts the mode of "special person rotating guard+party member Xianfeng post", and the eight-city management project publicizes the knowledge of epidemic prevention and control around the clock.



  2. Strengthen the control of the first line of defense for import and export. The professional market in the park covers a large area. In order to pay attention to the effectiveness of card point setting, each professional market only has one main entrance and exit, and the staff is on duty 24 hours a day to check the passing vehicles, so that every vehicle must be inspected and no one is missed. A strict registration and confirmation system is implemented for foreign personnel, so that the number of foreign personnel is clear and the detection effect is ensured.



  3. Cooperate with the government, closely track and report in real time. The leaders of South China City Commercial Management cooperated with the port area industrial and commercial bureau, law enforcement bureau and other departments to investigate the relevant personnel discovered by the big data of the Ministry of Public Security, and carried out key epidemic prevention and disinfection on the surrounding areas and vehicles of the merchant. At the same time, the staff closely followed the development of the situation, cooperated with the port industrial and commercial bureau and professional medical staff to carry out medical examination on specific personnel, and reported the personnel’s condition to the government and the company in real time to ensure the first response, the first arrival and the first solution.



  4. The matrix combination spread the propaganda of epidemic prevention and control everywhere. The leaders of the commercial management operation layer in South China City and the principal responsible persons of various departments went to work normally, issued prevention and control instructions in time, broadcast the prevention and control trends, closely monitored the implementation of epidemic prevention and control work in the park, and ensured that the organization, measures and publicity were in place. More than 3,000 epidemic prevention and control notices were posted and more than 800 banners were made. Outdoor big screen, real-time broadcast of epidemic prevention and control announcements and knowledge posters on outdoor LED screens at important intersections in various parks in the form of rolling play all day.



  VI. Jindi Property


  Jindi Property established a five-level prevention and control mechanism at the first time. Take Shenzhen Jindi Weixin Software Park as an example, because the property service team of Weixin Software Park experienced SARS in 2003 and accumulated rich experience, they quickly made an accurate prediction of the epidemic situation, timely reserved epidemic prevention materials, and deployed them to the relevant property service personnel in Shenzhen to rework on duty on the premise of meeting the government’s epidemic prevention screening and regulations for duty personnel.




  Part of the five-level epidemic prevention mechanism of Jindiweixin




  Set up temporary isolation zone


  Yi Labao, exhibition stands, banners, etc. for epidemic prevention publicity are put into the project; Robot Xiaojin also joined the ranks of epidemic prevention propaganda; At the same time, do a good job in epidemic prevention tips at customer contacts. Comprehensively strengthen the epidemic prevention awareness of office workers in buildings.


  Set up a temporary isolation zone. If the temperature is higher than 37.2℃, it should be isolated immediately, and report it to the command team immediately, organize the evacuation of personnel in relevant areas, and seal the relevant areas; After being proved by the hospital that the over-temperature personnel have eliminated the abnormality, organize the comprehensive disinfection of the work area; If abnormalities cannot be ruled out, or suspected cases with fever, cough, fatigue and other symptoms are found, they should be reported to the superior leaders at the first time, and then reported to the community, CDC and other relevant government departments after approval by the command group, and handled according to the guidance of professional departments.


  At the same time, Jindi Property uses Jindi Commercial Service to manage APP Gelink intelligently to help fight the epidemic, and its business advocates online handling to reduce unnecessary close contact; Set up "Golden Day" protection tips online and regularly forward publicity and epidemic prevention knowledge. In addition, each project forms a daily epidemic prevention and control report and publishes it, which is open and transparent, so that customers can work with confidence.



  GelinkAPP helps epidemic prevention


  Disclaimer: The views in this article only represent the author’s views. The copyright belongs to Yihan Think Tank.


  Please do not reprint without authorization. If you need to reprint, please contact the backstage or leave a message after this article.


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  Thanks for your cooperation!


This article was first published on WeChat WeChat official account: Yihan Think Tank. The content of the article belongs to the author’s personal opinion and does not represent Hexun.com’s position. Investors should operate accordingly, at their own risk.

(Editor: Wang Zhiqiang HF013)

Geneva Motor Show 2016: Koenigsegg Agera Final Edition

  [New Car Launch] At the recently opened 2016, the famous manufacturer released the final version of the model. In the future, Agera will be officially replaced as a brand-new sports car product of Koenigsegg.

Home of the car

Home of the car

  Agera is a super sports car launched by Koenigsegg in 2010, followed by Agera R, Agera S, Agera HH, Agera RS and models, and the final version of ——Agera One of 1 this time also marks the curtain call of Agera models.

Home of the car

Home of the car

Home of the car

  The appearance of the new car refers to the design style of Agera One:1. The overall appearance of the new car is orange-red with carbon fiber, and the number of carbon fiber spoilers on both sides of the front bumper is increased to four, making it look more aggressive.

Home of the car

Home of the car

Home of the car

Home of the car

Home of the car

  As for the rear part, we can’t see the specific changes because of the opening of the rear hatch cover, but according to official data, the rear active spoiler can provide 455kg downforce when the new car reaches 260km/h and 650kg downforce when it reaches 440 km/h. In addition, the One of 1 logo on the side fender of the new car is different from the old model.

Home of the car

Home of the car

Home of the car

  In terms of interior, the new car is decorated with black leather and orange stitching, and the visual effect is excellent. In addition, the car is also equipped with carbon fiber air outlets and decorative panels, which highlights the sporty atmosphere.

Home of the car

  In terms of power, the new car is equipped with a 5.0LV8 engine, with a maximum of 1,360 horsepower and a peak of 1,371 Nm. Compared with ONE:1, it increases 19 horsepower. In terms of transmission, the engine is matched with a 7-speed.

  Thanks to the all-carbon fiber construction and design of the new car, the self-weight of the new car is only 1375kg, which is 20kg lighter than Agera RS and even 55kg lighter than ONE:1. According to the official, the 0-100km/h acceleration of the new car takes only 2.8 seconds, reaching 440km/h rapidly. (Text/car home Bao Jinchen; Figure/Team in front of car home)

  Read more:

  Two new cars Koenigsegg announced the lineup of Geneva Motor Show.
  //www.autohome.com.cn/news/201602/884819.html

Five super carcinogens hidden around you, see if you eat them often!

Nehe city Rong media center

Have you ever paid attention to carcinogens around you? Recently, the topic of "super carcinogen Aspergillus flavus around us" has attracted attention in Weibo.

Aflatoxin is a strong carcinogen produced by Aspergillus flavus! As early as 1993, aflatoxin was classified as a class 1 carcinogen by the World Health Organization, with its toxicity 68 times that of arsenic, 10 times that of potassium cyanide, and 70 times that of dimethylnitrosamine, which is extremely destructive to liver tissue. Regular intake may increase the risk of liver cancer. [1]

In addition to aflatoxin, there are actually some "carcinogens" around us, which are likely to enter the diet and life every day.

1. Aflatoxin: moldy grain and nuts.

Among moldy foods, one kind of mildew comes from Aspergillus flavus, especially in grain. In 2007, an assessment of dietary exposure of Chinese aflatoxin published in China Journal of Food Hygiene pointed out that corn and rice were the main contribution foods to dietary exposure of Chinese aflatoxin. [2]

Reproduction and use of copyright pictures in the gallery may lead to copyright disputes.

In addition, peanuts and peanut oil may also contain aflatoxin.

Common sources of aflatoxin

Moldy corn, rice

Moldy, especially in foods with high starch content, such as corn and rice.

Deteriorated nut

When you eat bitter nuts, you must spit them out immediately and rinse your mouth.

Broken and unclean bamboo and wood chopsticks

Chopsticks themselves will not grow Aspergillus flavus, and starch is easily hidden in unwashed chopsticks, which poses a risk of mildew.

Inferior sesame paste

Using inferior and deteriorated sesame seeds and peanuts as raw materials, aflatoxin may exist in peanuts.

Earth-pressed peanut oil

Some "earth-squeezed oil" or self-squeezed oil has no quality control, and the equipment is not easy to be thoroughly cleaned, and the residual oil stains and grain residues are easy to mildew. [3]

2. benzopyrene: food that has been roasted and fried at high temperature.

Pan Zhanhe, deputy chief physician of the Oncology Department of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, said in the Health Times article in 2017 that heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may be produced in the production process by barbecue or smoking, among which the most well-known one is benzopyrene, which may be contained in many baked and smoked foods. [4]

A study published in Jinan University in 2018 found that the intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the barbecue process was: eating barbecue food > skin contact > lung inhalation.

This means that during barbecue, the skin absorbs more carcinogens than the lungs inhale. [5]

Common sources of benzopyrene

roast

It may be produced during barbecue or smoking.

High temperature fried food

Cooking oil will produce a lot of benzopyrene at high temperature, and the higher the oil temperature, the more it will be produced.

Cooking oil fume

The cooking fume will also carry benzopyrene, so don’t wait for the oil in the pot to smoke before putting the food. [6]

3. nitrosamines: smoked and pickled food.

Zhang Qin, vice president of Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, said in the program "Meeting a Famous Doctor" on Jiangsu City Channel in 2019 that smoked bacon food contains a lot of nitrosamines, and the incidence of some digestive system tumors, such as esophageal cancer, is related to the intake of nitrosamines in the diet. When smoked food and wine are ingested together, the harm of nitrosamines to human health will multiply. [7]

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Pickled products often contain more nitrite. Although nitrite itself does not cause cancer, it will combine with protein to form nitrosamines when it enters the body. In addition, some nitrosamine compounds, such as nitrosodimethylamine, will be produced in the process of dehydration of Chinese salted fish, which are carcinogenic. [8]

Common sources of nitrosamines or nitrites

Processed meat products

Nitrite is added to some processed meat products such as sausages, ham and bacon.

Overnight dish

Overnight vegetables, especially overnight green leafy vegetables, will produce nitrite, and the nutrition will be discounted.

Smoked and cured food

Pickles, salted fish, bacon, high-salt pickled and smoked foods contain nitrite. For example, the most nitrite in pickles is between two or three days and ten days after the start of pickling. [9]

4. Tobacco tar: inhaled by tobacco burning.

Smoking and second-hand tobacco smoke are classified as Class 1 carcinogens. During the burning process of cigarettes, nearly 4000 new chemicals are formed. Most of these substances are harmful to people, among which nicotine, nitric oxide and tobacco tar are the most harmful, and the latter is the chief culprit of cancer. [10]

Moreover, smoking is not only a kind of cancer that causes lung cancer, but also closely related to the occurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, oral cancer, esophageal cancer and other related cancers.

5. Acetaldehyde: an intermediate product produced after drinking.

The main component of wine is ethanol, which is oxidized into acetaldehyde after entering liver cells. The latter is hepatotoxic and carcinogenic, and excessive accumulation in the body will cause serious harm to the liver. [11]

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Acetaldehyde related to the intake of alcoholic beverages is classified as a class 1 carcinogen. According to the statistics in the 2014 World Cancer Report, 3.5% of cancers are caused by alcohol, and one in every 30 cancer deaths is caused by alcohol. [12]

Although there are various carcinogens around us, carcinogens can cause some cancers, which refers to a possibility after long-term and excessive intake. If you only eat a little occasionally or touch it occasionally, don’t worry, it’s still safe.

Original title: "Five super carcinogens hidden around you, see if you eat them often! 》

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